ARCHITECTURAL

STRUCTURES
ARSC443
MODULE 101
1
 INTRODUCTION
REINFORCED CONCRETE DESIGN
AREA OF STEEL / CONCRETE AND
INVESTIGATION OF RCB

2
OBJECTIVE:
1. To associate logical reasons implied in
the design of Reinforced Concrete Beam.
2. To understand the role of concrete and
steel in a composite beam.
3. To adapt standards and laws governing
the construction industry particular to
the NSCP
2
PROBLEM:
Solve for the required number of steel bars in
tension for the given beam.
If: n = 10
Steel dia. = 28 mm Ø
Fc = 8 mpa
Fs = 90 mpa

3
GENERAL FORMULA 𝑘𝑑 𝐹𝑐
=
𝑑 𝐹𝑠
K = rigidity of the + 𝐹𝑐
𝑛
structural element
d = effective depth from the extreme compression
fiber to the center of the steel resisting tension.
n = The property of steel denoted as the ratio of steel elastic
modulus to that of concrete elastic modulus.
Fc = compressive strength of concrete.
Fs = tensile strength of steel 4
 Normal Strain - Analysis
A beam when subjected to a
x
x vertical load will bend
r - radius of curvature
q
Y- longitudinal strain:
r Neutral axis – the longitudinal
section of the beam where no
y
N.A.
deformation occur.
Cut the beam to expose the
cross section along Y 5
 b is the breadth of the concrete beam
normally ½ the length of the depth D
b
D is the overall vertical dimension of
the beam twice the length of b for
beam design.
D stirrup
A bended rod to resist shear and
diagonal stresses in a reinforced
concrete beam.

6
 NSCP code states that
b 1. For beam not exposed to weather
the minimum clear distance is
To protect the steel from
corrosion and fire
D 2. Minimum number of main
reinforcing bars is …. all corners 4

.40mm 7
 NSCP code states that
b 1. For beam not exposed to weather
the minimum clear distance is
To protect the steel from corrosion
and fire
D 2. Minimum number of main
reinforcing bar is …. all corners 4
3. The minimum clear space for all
reinforcing bars 8
 NSCP code states that
b To allow aggregates to pass through
reinforcing bars (in between)
4. The minimum concrete cover
from the center of the reinforcing
D
bar in tension is approx. 50 mm

3. The minimum clear space for all

25 mm reinforcing bars 9
 NSCP code states that
b To allow aggregates to pass through
reinforcing bars (in between)
4. The minimum concrete cover
from the center of the reinforcing
D
bar in tension is approx.
50 mm
3. The minimum clear space for all
25 mm reinforcing bars 10
 Stress block the concentration of compressive forces
acting on the concrete section of the beam
b
From the neutral axis
To the extreme compressive fiber
D And a steel representing the total area of
NA reinforcing steel in tension
As

Transformed
section 10
Above the neutral axis is a compressive force acting on the
concrete section 1/3 from the extreme compressive fiber
b

Fc
D
NA
As

Transformed
Stress profile
section 12
And a tensile force acting on the center of the steel bar in
tension creating a,and
force couple
a polar M
moment from Fc to Fs denoted
by jd
Fc
D
NA M
jd
As Fs

Transformed
Stress profile
section 13
the centroid of the stress block is located 1/3 from the
extreme compressive fiberWhere kd is jd
identifying the= rigidity
d-kd/3.of the
compressive block.

Fc 1/3
D kd
d
NA M
jd = d-1/3 kd
As Fs

Transformed
Stress profile
section 14
 The limit of compressive stress on the extreme comp. fiber
when concrete start to crack on the strain profile
b
Fcu = .003
Fc 1/3
D kd
d
NA M
jd = d-1/3 kd
As Fs Fs
n
Transformed
Stress profile Strain profile 15
section
Derivation of the 𝑘𝑑 ❑
=
GENERAL FORMULA ❑ ❑
b ❑
Fcu = .003
Fc 1/3
D kd
d
NA M
jd = d-1/3 kd
As Fs Fs
n
Transformed
Stress profile Strain profile
section 16
Derivation of the 𝑘𝑑 𝐹𝑐
=
GENERAL FORMULA ❑ ❑
b ❑
Fcu = .003
Fc 1/3
D kd
d
NA M
jd = d-1/3 kd
As Fs Fs
n
Transformed
Stress profile Strain profile
section 17
Derivation of the 𝑘𝑑 𝐹𝑐
=
GENERAL FORMULA 𝑑 ❑ + 𝐹𝑐
b ❑
Fcu = .003
Fc 1/3
D kd
d
NA M
jd = d-1/3 kd
As Fs Fs
n
Transformed
Stress profile Strain profile
section 18
Derivation of the 𝑘𝑑 𝐹𝑐
=
GENERAL FORMULA 𝑑 𝐹𝑠
+ 𝐹𝑐
b 𝑛
Fcu = .003
Fc 1/3
D kd
d
NA M
jd = d-1/3 kd
As Fs Fs
n
Transformed
Stress profile Strain profile
section 19
DISCUSSION: 𝐹𝑐
𝑘=
What is the simplified form of the 𝐹𝑠
+ 𝐹𝑐
RCB rigidity formula. 𝑛

20
 𝐹𝑐 𝑘𝑑 𝐹𝑐
𝑘= =
𝐹𝑠 𝑑 𝐹𝑠
+ 𝐹𝑐 + 𝐹𝑐
𝑛 𝑛

𝑘𝑑 𝐹𝑐 𝑑 𝑘𝑑 𝐹𝑐 𝑑 𝑘𝑑 𝐹𝑐 𝑑
= = =
❑ 𝐹𝑠 ❑ 𝐹𝑠 𝐹𝑐 𝑛 ❑ 𝐹𝑠 + 𝐹𝑐 𝑛
+ 𝐹𝑐 +
𝑛 𝑛 𝑛 𝑛

𝐹𝑐 (𝑑)(𝑛)
𝑘𝑑=
𝐹𝑠+ 𝐹𝑐 (𝑛)
21
PROBLEM:
Solve for the required number of steel bars in
tension for the given beam.
If: n = 10 b
Steel dia. = 28 mm Ø
Fc = 8 mpa
Fs = 90 mpa D
D = depth of cogrete beam

20
DISCUSSION:
𝐹𝑐 (𝑑)(𝑛)
What are the knowns and the 𝑘𝑑=
𝐹𝑠+ 𝐹𝑐 (𝑛)
unknowns in the given problem
that can supplement the terms in
the formula.

20
DISCUSSION:
𝐹𝑐 (𝑑)(𝑛)
𝑘𝑑=
Known values Variables 𝐹𝑠+ 𝐹𝑐 (𝑛)

n = 10 kd
Fc = 8 mpa jd
Fs = 90 mpa d
D = 500 mm Asteel
Steel Ø = 28 mm No. Of steel bars
b = 300 mm Balance design
20
DISCUSSION:
𝐹𝑐 (𝑑)(𝑛)
𝑘𝑑=
What is the value of d? 𝐹𝑠+ 𝐹𝑐 (𝑛)

n = 10 kd
Fc = 8 mpa jd
Fs = 90 mpa d = 450 mm
D = 500 mm Asteel d
Steel Ø = 28 mm No. Of steel bars
b = 300 mm Balance design
20
Derivation of the 𝑘𝑑 𝐹𝑐
=
GENERAL FORMULA ❑ ❑
b ❑
Fcu = .003
Fc 1/3
D kd
d
NA M
jd = d-1/3 kd
As Fs Fs
n
Transformed
Stress profile Strain profile
section 17
DISCUSSION:
𝐹𝑐 (𝑑)(𝑛)
𝑘𝑑=
Why did we deduct 50 mm 𝐹𝑠+ 𝐹𝑐 (𝑛)
from the depth D
d = effective depth
d = 450 mm
What is the role of concrete at d
the extreme tensile fiber
Failed 20
DISCUSSION:
𝐹𝑐 (𝑑)(𝑛)
𝑘𝑑=
What is the purpose of the 𝐹𝑠+ 𝐹𝑐 (𝑛)
concrete at the tensile fiber?
Concrete cover Size of CC?
Bearing stress Steel and concrete
remain in contact
d
Protection Against what?
Corrosion Fire
20
 𝐹𝑐 (𝑑)(𝑛) n = 10
𝑘𝑑=
𝐹𝑠+ 𝐹𝑐 (𝑛) Fc = 8 mpa
Fs = 90 mpa
8 𝑁 / 𝑚𝑚 𝑠𝑞 .( 450 𝑚𝑚)(10)
𝑘𝑑= d = 450 mm
𝑁
90 𝑠𝑞 +8 𝑁 / 𝑚𝑚 𝑠𝑞 . (10)
𝑚𝑚
kd = 211.76 mm
jd = d-(1/3 kd)
jd = d-[(1/3)(211.76)] = 379.41
22
DISCUSSION:

What is balanced design?

Concrete and steel fails simultaneously
Mc = Ms (for balanced design)
Mc = ½ Fc(b)(kd)(jd)
Ms = = Fs (As) (jd)
½ Fc(b)(kd)(jd) = Fs (As) (jd)

20
kd = 211.76 mm
jd = d-(1/3 kd) = 379.41
Mc = Ms (for balanced design)
½ Fc(b)(kd)(jd) = Fs (As) (jd)
½ Fc(b)(kd) = Fs (As)
= ½ 8N/mm2(300mm)(211.76mm) = 90N/mm2(As)
As = 254,112 N /90N/mm2
As = 2823.47 mm2
Ast = (# of 28mm Ø Steel bars)(D2/4)
23
As = 2823.47 mm2
Ast = (# of 28mm Ø Steel bars)(D2/4)
2823.47 mm2 = XD2/4)
2823.47 mm2 (4)
X=
282 mm2
X = 4.49
Formula for area?

24
 NSCP code design requirements
1. For beam not exposed to weather
B=300
the minimum clear distance is 40 mm
2. Minimum number of main
D=500

reinforcing bars 4
3. The minimum clear space for all
reinforcing bars = 25 mm
4. Minimum concrete cover from the
center of the reinforcing bar in
25
tension is approx. 50 mm
 NSCP code states that
b 1. For beam not exposed to weather
the minimum clear distance is
To protect the steel from corrosion
and fire
D 2. Minimum number of main
reinforcing bar is …. all corners 4
3. The minimum clear space for all
reinforcing bars 26
 NSCP code states that
b To allow aggregates to pass through
reinforcing bars (in between)
4. The minimum concrete cover
from the center of the reinforcing
D
bar in tension is approx. 50 mm

3. The minimum clear space for all

reinforcing bars 27
36