ARCHITECTURAL

STRUCTURES
ARSC443

1
 INTRODUCTION
REINFORCED CONCRETE DESIGN
AREA OF STEEL / CONCRETE AND
INVESTIGATION OF RCB

2
OBJECTIVE:
1. To associate logical reasons implied in the
design of Reinforced Concrete Beam.
2. To understand the role of concrete and steel in
a composite beam.
3. To adopt standards and laws governing the
construction industry particular to the NSCP
2
PROBLEM:
Solve for the required number of steel bars in
tension for the given beam.
If: n = 10
Steel dia. = 28 mm Ø
Fc = 8 mpa
Fs = 90 mpa

3
GENERAL FORMULA 𝑘𝑑 𝐹𝑐
=
𝑑 𝐹𝑠
K = rigidity of the + 𝐹𝑐
𝑛
structural element
d = effective depth from the extreme compression
fiber to the center of the steel resisting tension.
n = The property of steel denoted as the ratio of steel elastic
modulus to that of concrete elastic modulus.
Fc = compressive strength of concrete.
Fs = tensile strength of steel 4
 NORMAL STRAIN - ANALYSIS

A beam when subjected to a

x
x vertical load will bend
r - radius of curvature
q
Y- longitudinal strain:
r Neutral axis – the longitudinal
section of the beam where no
y
N.A.
deformation occur.
Cut the beam to expose the
cross section along Y 5
 b is the breadth of the concrete beam
normally ½ the length of the depth D
b
D is the overall vertical dimension of
the beam twice the length of b for
beam design.
D stirrup A bended rod to resist shear and
diagonal stresses in a reinforced concrete
beam.

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 NSCP code states that
b 1. For beam not exposed to weather the
minimum clear distance is
To protect the steel from corrosion and
fire
D 2. Minimum number of main reinforcing
bars is …. all corners 4

.40mm 7
 NSCP code states that
b 1. For beam not exposed to weather the
minimum clear distance is
To protect the steel from corrosion and
fire
D 2. Minimum number of main reinforcing
bar is …. all corners 4
3. The minimum clear space for all
reinforcing bars 8
 NSCP code states that
b To allow aggregates to pass through
reinforcing bars (in between)
4. The minimum concrete cover from the
center of the reinforcing bar in tension is
D
approx. 50 mm

3. The minimum clear space for all

25 mm reinforcing bars 9
 NSCP code states that
b To allow aggregates to pass through
reinforcing bars (in between)
4. The minimum concrete cover from the
center of the reinforcing bar in tension is
D
approx.
50 mm
3. The minimum clear space for all
25 mm reinforcing bars 10
 Stress block the concentration of compressive forces
acting on the concrete section of the beam
b
From the neutral axis
To the extreme compressive fiber
D And a steel representing the total area of
NA reinforcing steel in tension
As

Transformed
section 10
Above the neutral axis is a compressive force acting on the
concrete section 1/3 from the extreme compressive fiber
b

Fc
D
NA
As

Transformed
Stress profile
section 12
And a tensile force acting on the center of the steel bar in
tension creating a force couple M ,and a polar moment from
Fc to Fs denoted by jd
Fc
D
NA M
jd
As Fs

Transformed
Stress profile
section 13
the centroid of the stress block is located 1/3 from the
extreme compressive fiber identifying jd = d-kd/3. Where kd is
the rigidity of the compressive block.

Fc 1/3
D kd
d
NA M
jd = d-1/3 kd
As Fs

Transformed
Stress profile
section 14
 The limit of compressive stress on the extreme comp. fiber
when concrete start to crack on the strain profile
b
Fcu = .003
Fc 1/3
D kd
d
NA M
jd = d-1/3 kd
As Fs Fs
n
Transformed
Stress profile Strain profile 15
section
Derivation of the 𝑘𝑑 ❑
=
GENERAL FORMULA ❑ ❑
b ❑
Fcu = .003
Fc 1/3
D kd
d
NA M
jd = d-1/3 kd
As Fs Fs
n
Transformed
Stress profile Strain profile
section 16
Derivation of the 𝑘𝑑 𝐹𝑐
=
GENERAL FORMULA ❑ ❑
b ❑
Fcu = .003
Fc 1/3
D kd
d
NA M
jd = d-1/3 kd
As Fs Fs
n
Transformed
Stress profile Strain profile
section 17
Derivation of the 𝑘𝑑 𝐹𝑐
=
GENERAL FORMULA 𝑑 ❑ + 𝐹𝑐
b ❑
Fcu = .003
Fc 1/3
D kd
d
NA M
jd = d-1/3 kd
As Fs Fs
n
Transformed
Stress profile Strain profile
section 18
Derivation of the 𝑘𝑑 𝐹𝑐
=
GENERAL FORMULA 𝑑 𝐹𝑠
+ 𝐹𝑐
b 𝑛
Fcu = .003
Fc 1/3
D kd
d
NA M
jd = d-1/3 kd
As Fs Fs
n
Transformed
Stress profile Strain profile
section 19
DISCUSSION: 𝐹𝑐
𝑘=
What is the simplified form of the 𝐹𝑠
+ 𝐹𝑐
RCB rigidity formula. 𝑛

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 𝐹𝑐 𝑘𝑑 𝐹𝑐
𝑘= =
𝐹𝑠 𝑑 𝐹𝑠
+ 𝐹𝑐 + 𝐹𝑐
𝑛 𝑛

𝑘𝑑 𝐹𝑐 𝑑 𝑘𝑑 𝐹𝑐 𝑑 𝑘𝑑 𝐹𝑐 𝑑
= = =
❑ 𝐹𝑠 ❑ 𝐹𝑠 𝐹𝑐 𝑛 ❑ 𝐹𝑠 + 𝐹𝑐 𝑛
+ 𝐹𝑐 +
𝑛 𝑛 𝑛 𝑛

𝐹𝑐( 𝑑)( 𝑛)
𝑘𝑑=
𝐹𝑠+ 𝐹𝑐 (𝑛)
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PROBLEM:
Solve for the required number of steel bars in
tension for the given beam.
If: n = 10 b
Steel dia. = 28 mm Ø
Fc = 8 mpa
Fs = 90 mpa D
D = depth of concrete beam

20
DISCUSSION:
𝐹𝑐( 𝑑)( 𝑛)
What are the knowns and the 𝑘𝑑=
𝐹𝑠+ 𝐹𝑐 (𝑛)
unknowns in the given problem
that can supplement the terms in
the formula.

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DISCUSSION:
𝐹𝑐( 𝑑)( 𝑛)
𝑘𝑑=
Known values Variables 𝐹𝑠+ 𝐹𝑐 (𝑛)

n = 10 kd
Fc = 8 mpa jd
Fs = 90 mpa d
D = 500 mm Asteel
Steel Ø = 28 mm No. Of steel bars
b = 300 mm Balance design
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DISCUSSION:
𝐹𝑐( 𝑑)( 𝑛)
𝑘𝑑=
What is the value of d? 𝐹𝑠+ 𝐹𝑐 (𝑛)

n = 10 kd
Fc = 8 mpa jd
Fs = 90 mpa d = 450 mm
D = 500 mm Asteel d
Steel Ø = 28 mm No. Of steel bars
b = 300 mm Balance design
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Derivation of the 𝑘𝑑 𝐹𝑐
=
GENERAL FORMULA ❑ ❑
b ❑
Fcu = .003
Fc 1/3
D kd
d
NA M
jd = d-1/3 kd
As Fs Fs
n
Transformed
Stress profile Strain profile
section 17
DISCUSSION:
𝐹𝑐( 𝑑)( 𝑛)
𝑘𝑑=
Why did we deduct 50 mm 𝐹𝑠+ 𝐹𝑐 (𝑛)
from the depth D
d = effective depth
d = 450 mm
What is the role of concrete at d
the extreme tensile fiber
Failed 20
DISCUSSION:
𝐹𝑐( 𝑑)( 𝑛)
𝑘𝑑=
What is the purpose of the 𝐹𝑠+ 𝐹𝑐 (𝑛)
concrete at the tensile fiber?
Concrete cover Size of CC?
Bearing stress Steel and concrete
remain in contact
d
Protection Against what?
Corrosion Fire
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 𝐹𝑐( 𝑑)( 𝑛) n = 10
𝑘𝑑=
𝐹𝑠+ 𝐹𝑐 (𝑛) Fc = 8 mpa
Fs = 90 mpa
8 𝑁 /𝑚𝑚 𝑠𝑞 .( 450 𝑚𝑚)(10)
𝑘𝑑= d = 450 mm
𝑁
90 𝑠𝑞+ 8 𝑁 / 𝑚𝑚 𝑠𝑞 .(10)
𝑚𝑚
kd = 211.76 mm
jd = d-(1/3 kd)
jd = d-[(1/3)(211.76)] = 379.41
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DISCUSSION:

What is balanced design?

Concrete and steel fails simultaneously
Mc = Ms (for balanced design)
Mc = ½ Fc(b)(kd)(jd)
Ms = = Fs (As) (jd)
½ Fc(b)(kd)(jd) = Fs (As) (jd)

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kd = 211.76 mm
jd = d-(1/3 kd) = 379.41
Mc = Ms (for balanced design)
½ Fc(b)(kd)(jd) = Fs (As) (jd)
½ Fc(b)(kd) = Fs (As)
= ½ 8N/mm2(300mm)(211.76mm) = 90N/mm2(As)
As = 254,112 N /90N/mm2
As = 2823.47 mm2
Ast = (# of 28mm Ø Steel bars)(D2/4)
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As = 2823.47 mm2
Ast = (# of 28mm Ø Steel bars)(D2/4)
2823.47 mm2 = XD2/4)
2823.47 mm2 (4)
X=
282 mm2
X = 4.49
Formula for area?

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 NSCP code design requirements
1. For beam not exposed to weather the
B=300
minimum clear distance is 40 mm
2. Minimum number of main reinforcing
D=500

bars 4
3. The minimum clear space for all
reinforcing bars = 25 mm
4. Minimum concrete cover from the
center of the reinforcing bar in tension is
25
approx. 50 mm
 NSCP code states that
b 1. For beam not exposed to weather the
minimum clear distance is
To protect the steel from corrosion and
fire
D 2. Minimum number of main reinforcing
bar is …. all corners 4
3. The minimum clear space for all
reinforcing bars 26
 NSCP code states that
b To allow aggregates to pass through
reinforcing bars (in between)
4. The minimum concrete cover from the
center of the reinforcing bar in tension is
D
approx.

27
36