Theory of extension of continuous filaments

• In a typical engineering problem, it is required to calculate the

response of a structure when given set of stress is applied to it.
For this the engineers must be have the knowledge of the
geometry of the structure, secondly the mechanical properties
of the material and finally at the disposal a method of analysis
that will enable to arrive at a mathematical solution to his
problem.
• The method of analysis demands first the calculation of the
strains due to the imparted deformation and then a calculation
either of the stress distribution and the equilibrium of forces
of the energy due to the deformation.
 Simplest analysis of tensile behavior
• The simplest theoretical treatment of yarn mechanism is the
calculation of modulus of a continuous filament yarn with the
idealized helical structure, taking into account only tensile forces
and assuming that there is no change in yarn diameter during
extension.
• Let yarn extension εy =δh/h, where δh is the increase in the length
h
• The change δl in the path length l for a filament at a radial distance
r from the yarn axis angle θ is then we have l2 =h2+4π2r2………..1
• Then assuming no change in radial distance of the filament from
yarn axis, 2l.dl =2h.dh……..2
• So dl/dh = h/l………..3

• εf =h2/l2xδh/h =εycos2θ……………5
 An analysis of Tensile forces
• Considering only the forces acting along the filament axis,
we have specific stress in filament = Ef.εf where is the fibre
modulus & εf is fibre strain.
• It is convenient to express the specific stress in unit of g-wt/g
per cm equal to 10-5 g-wt/tex
• The force acting on a given area is given by (specific stress x
area/specific volume)
• Consider an element of area between r and r+dr,
• Equivalent area perpendicular to filament axis =2πr.dr.cosθ
• If Vy is specific volume, the component of tension parallel to
the yarn axis resulting from stresses in the element =
 …

• We know that 2πr =h.tanθ and thus 2πdr =hsec2θdθ

• And yarn modulus Ey = Efcos2α

 Case 2
• Assumption: 1 Helical model,
• 2) radial strain occurs,
• 3) filaments obeys Hook’s Law and
• 4) Strain is small
• So εf =dl/l & εy =dh/h
• Poisson ratio σy = -(dr/r)/(dh/h)
• So dr/r = - σy(dh/h)
• From ∆ABC, l2 =h2+4π2r2
• Differentiating both sides, 2l.dl =2h.dh+8 π2rdr
• So l.dl =h.dh+4 π2rdr
• Devising both sides by l2, dl/l =h/l2.dh+4 π2r/l2. dr
• For constant volume deformation:
• Yarn volume V =πr2h,
• Differentiating both sides, 0 = πh.2rdh + πr2dh = πr(2hdr+rdh)
• So 2hdr+rdh =0 therefore 2hdr= -rdh,
• i.e. 2dr/r =-dh/h
• So –(dr/r)/(dh/h) = -1/2 = σy
 Analysis of Transverse Forces and lateral contraction
• Assumptions:
• Yarn is continuous filament yarn uniform along its length with a circular cross-section
and having a uniform specific volume
• All the fibres are assumed to have identical properties to be uniform along their
length, to be perfectly elastic, to follow hooks law and to have an axis of symmetry.
• The fibre diameter is assumed to be infinitesimal so that a small element of yarn may
be regarded as composed of a large number
• The fibres are assumed to lie on perfect helices of constant radius and constant angle.
All these helices, throughout the cross-section have same number of turns per unit
parallel to the axis of helix; and this axis is identical with the axis of the yarn.
• The strains involved are assumed to be infinitesimal.
• The fractional decrease in diameter is assumed to be distributed uniformly across the
yarn.
• There is assumed to be uniform distribution of stress across that part of each face of
yarn element occupied by fibre material.
• The stresses at any point are assumed to be constant in all directions at right angle to
the fibre axis.
• The shear forces and the couples acting on the faces of yarn elements are neglected.
 Yarn Geometry

• for convenience, it is useful to introduce the parameter u =l/L

and c =cosα=h/L
• Μ is a measure of radial position and vasries from 0 at the
centre of yarn to 1 at the surface.
• It follows from equation 2.2 & 2.3 that its relation to r is given
by where c is a measure of yarn twist
• And c2 = 1+(4πVyτ2x10-5)-1
• Since l2 =h2+4π2r2, so cosθ =h/l=c/u and sinθ =2πr/l = (1-c2/u2)½
• A small element in the yarn is taken lying between two cylinder
drawn about the yarn axis with radil r and (r+dr), and between
two sets of helices displaced relative to one another by an angle
dφ at the centre of the yarn. The ends of the element are drawn
perpendicular angles to the direction of the central helix in the
element separated by a length dz parallel to the yarn axis.
 Variation in strain through the yarn
• Changes in yarn diameter may be introduced by defining yarn
lateral contraction ratio σy analogues to Poisson Ratio
• Thus σy = -(dR/R)/(dh/h)
• Since contraction is assumed to be uniform throughout the
yarn, so σy =-(dr/r)/ (dh/h)
• The variation in strain through the yarn is given by
differentiation equation with changes in both h and r
• So 2l.dl =2h.dh+8 π2rdr and thus substituting from equation

• with a yarn strain εy =δh/h

• Filament strain εf = εy(cos2θ-σysin2θ) = εy(c2/u2 -σy(1-c2/u2)-----2
 Stress-strain relation of the filament
,

• Fibres in the filament will be under a tensile stress X and

compressive transverse stress G, in two principle directions at
right angles. Assuming that the fibre extension follows Hook’s
law. It follows from elasticity theory that:

• here Ef -tensile modulus of fibre, Ef’ - transverse modulus of

fibre, σ2 transverse Poisson ratio for a transverse stress (axial
stress/transverse strain)
• Furthermore if the fibres has an axis of symmetry coinciding
with its geometric axis, then

• where σ1-axial Poisson ratio i.e. (transverse strain/axial strain)

for a tensile stress.
• Combining equations 23 and 24, we get

• The term Efεy equals the stress Xf which would be present in

individual filaments (or zero twist yarn) under an extension
equal to that in the yarn. It is useful to use Xf as a normalizing
factor and to define, x =X/Xf ……..27 g =G/X……..28 so that
 Forces acting on yarn element
• By symmetry the forces acting on the two end faces must be
equal and we have forces acting across ABCD and EFGH =(X/Vy)
area ABCD
• =(X/Vy)AB.CD = (X/Vy)rcosθ.dφ.dr……30
• Similarly by symmetry, force acting across ADHE and BCGE =
(G/Vy) Area ADHE
• =(G/Vy) AD.AE =(G/Vy)secθ.dz…..31
• The force across ABFE = (G/Vy) Area ABFE = (G/Vy).AB.AE = =
(G/Vy)r.dφ.dz…32
• However, both the stresses G and the area of the face of
element perpendicular to the yarn radius will vary with r so that
• Force across DCGH = (G/Vy)[G.r.dφ.dz +
 Numerical on Yarn Extension
• Problem 1: Twist angle before & after deformation of a yarn is 50.2O & 36.6O
respectively. If the extension of yarn is 0.325/ what is the yarn contraction ratio?
• Solution: m = tanθ0/tanθ1 = 1+εy/1-σy εy , So tan50.2o /tan36.6o = 1+0.325/1-
0.325σy
• So σy = 0.2669
• Q2: A multifilament yarn of diameter 500x10-4 cm, twist 11.5 tpcm, suface angle
after deformation is α1 = α0 x 0.78, Calculate the yarn extension.
• We know tanα = πdT,
• Here initially tanθ0 = πdy
• Tanα0 = πx500x10-6x11.5 =1.8064 so
• α0 = 61.0300
• α1 =α0x 0.78 = 47.60 so tan α1 = 1.0953
• Now m= tan α0/tan α1 = (1+εy) 3/2
• So εy = 0.396 I.e yarn extension = 0.396 =39.6%
• Problem 3: If the breaking extension of a yarn is 40%, twist
angle is 45, tpcm = 10,. Determine the error in deformation if
constant volume deformation is assumed to be 0.5.
• Sol:
• Problem 4: A crepe cotton yarn has twist multiplier (British) 7.2,
packing factor 0.8, yarn extension εy = 12.5%. Calculate the twist angle
after deformation, assuming constant lateral contraction. (σy = 0.5).
• Sol: : m = (1+ εy)3/2 = (1+0.125)3/2 = 1.1932
• Further tanθ0 = πdT = πx(1/28√Ne)TM√Ne = πxTM/28 = πx7.2/28 =
0.80784
• And m = tanθ0/tanθ1, so tanθ1 = tanθ0/m = 0.80784/1.1932 = 0.6770,
so θ1 = 34.10 = 34006’
• So twist angle after deformation is 34006’
• We know m = (1+εy)/(1-σyεy) = 1+0.125/(1-0.5x0.125) = 1.2
• ф =Vf/Vy or Vy =Vf/ф = 1/фx fibre density= 1/0.8x1.52 = 0.82237 cc/gm
• Twist factor = 9.57xTM = 9.567x7.2 = 68.832
• tanθ = 0.0112√Vy
• T.F = 0.0112x√0.82237 x68.832 = 0.6991
• Problem 5: In a multifilament yarn longitudinal strain is 30% &
because of that the twist angle changes from 48.20 to 35.40,
radial displacement is 0.015cm. Calculate the yarn diameter
of strained yarn.
• Solution: We know tanθ0 =2πR0T0 and tanθ1 =2πR1T1,
• since longitudinal strain is 30% =0.3
• T1 = T0/1.3,
• so tan θ0/tan θ1 =2πR0T0/2πR1T1 = (R0/R1)(T0/T1)
• So tan 48.2/tan 35.4 = 1.3 (R0/R1)
• so R0/R1 = 1.2106
• so R0 = 1.2106 R1
• Now, R1-R0 = 0.015 = (1.2106-1) R0 = 0.015 so R0 = 0.0712 cm
• Problem 6: From the following data, calculate the yarn diameter and radial
contraction in m. Yarn denier 100, packing factor 0.56, yarn extension 0.2,
twist 10tpcm, radial contraction ratio σy 0.5, and fibre density 1.5gm/cc.
• Solution: We know tanθ = 0.0112√Vy √C x T
• But packing factor ф =Vf/Vy or Vy =Vf/ф = 1/фx
• fibre density = 1/0.56x1.5 =1.1905
• Yarn tex =denier/9 =100/9
• Tanθ0 = 0.0112√1.105x√100/9 x 10 = 0.4034
• Further tanθ0 =2лR0T, so R0 = tanθ0/2лT =0.4039/2лx10 = 0.006483 cm =
0.06489mm
• Again (R0/R1)2 = 1+εy = 1+0.2 = 1.2
• So (R0/R1) = 1.095445
• So R1 = R0/1.09544 = 0.06483/1.095445 = 0.05918 mm.
• Radial contraction = R0-R1 = 0.06483-0.05918 = 0.00565 mm