Chapter 2

MORPHOLOGY
W E L C O M E TO TO D AY ' S C L A S S   / TO D AY ' S A G E N D A

SOCIAL SCIENCE CLASS / LAMFORD SCHOOL

Group 5

Nguyễn Thị Thúy Kiều

Phạm Lê Huyền Ngọc
Nguyễn Thị Hồng Ngọc
Lê Thái Mai Anh
Vũ Thu Trang MA: Lê Cao Hoàng Hà
20 / 1
 W E L C O M E T O T O D AY ' S C L A S S !

TA B L E O F C O N T E N T S
W E L C O M E TO TO D AY ' S C L A S S   / TO D AY ' S A G E N D A

SOCIAL SCIENCE CLASS / LAMFORD SCHOOL

I. Morphology
II. Morphemes
III. Classification of morphemes
1. Free and Bound Morphemes
2. Lexical and Functional Morphemes

20 / 2
II- MORPHOLOGY
 I - MORPHOLOGY

 Morphology is the identification, analysis, and description

SOCIAL SCIENCE CLASS / LAMFORD SCHOOL

TO DAY ' S TO P I C   / B R IE F I N T R O DU C T I ON

of the structure of a given language’s linguistic units.

 Morphology is the study of forms.
 It is the type of investigation that analyzes all those basic
“elements” used in a language.
 The “elements” in the form of a linguistic message are
technically known as “morphemes”.
I - MORPHOLOGY

1. Break word down intomorphemes

2. Identify the root and label it

3.Join the suffix to the root to form the base

4. Join the prefix to the base

II- MORPHEMES
 II. MORPHEMES:
- Definition: A morpheme is a minimal unit of meaning or grammatical function.
- Example: English word forms such as plays, player, played, playing must
consist of one element play, and the four elements –s, -er, -ed, and –ing. All
these five elements are described as morphemes
- Units of grammatical function include forms used to indicate past tense or
plural, for example.
Word Minimal units of meaning Grammatical function

Disagreed Dis-(“ not”) agree(“ have the same opinion ”) -ed (past tense)

Novelists Novel (“writes novels “) –ist (“ person who “) -s (plural)

 More examples

-Example 1 Lexical
un- not
Untie meaning
Lexical
tie meaning
Fasten or knot something

-Example 2:
Singular Plural
+) Book Books
( consists of two morphemes {book} and {s})
+) Table Tables
( consists of two morphemes {table} and {s})
=> In other words, we can recognize a morpheme by either its lexical or its
grammatical meaning
 Example 3:
trait /treɪt/
(But their meanings violate
Straight rate /reɪt/ the meaning of “straight”)
‘without a bend or curve’
ate /eɪt/
- We also get the meaningless remainders: /s–/, /st–/ and /str–/.
=> “straight” must be considered a morpheme, the smallest meaningful unit in
English.
1 morpheme: boy, girl, rain
-Example 4: 2 morphemes ： boys, girlish, rained
3 morphemes: girlishness, trusteeship, unhappily
4 morphemes: gentlemanliness
>4 morphemes: ungentlemanliness
III- CLASSIFICATION OF
MORPHEMES
FREE AND BOUND MORPHEMES
 1. FREE MORPHEMES

Types of Morphemes

2. BOUND MORPHEMES
 FREE MORPHEMES

A free morpheme is one that can be uttered alone

with meaning.
{book}
{table}
{bag}
{deliver}
{learn}
{pick}
All of these morphemes are free morphemes.
 BOUND MORPHEMES

A bound morpheme cannot be uttered alone with

meaning. It always added to one or more morphemes
to form a word.
{s} in plays
{re} in replays
{ly} in cheaply
{er} in cheaper
{un} in unable
{en} in brighten
=> All of these morphemes are bound morphemes.
The differences between FREE MORPHEMES and BOUND MORPHEMES

FREE MORPHEMES BOUND MORPHEMES

- can stand by themselves as - cannot stand alone and are

single words. typically attached to another form.

- The free morphomes can - Exemplified as re-, -ist, -ed, -s.

generally be identified as This set is familiar to affixes (prefix
and suffix). All the affixes in
the set of separate English
English are BOUND MORPHEMES.
word forms such as basic
nouns, adjectives, verbs.

For example: sleep, teach, run, For example: asleep, sleepy,

fast, etc. teaching, runs, faster, etc.
 The differences between FREE MORPHEMES and BOUND MORPHEMES

FREE MORPHEMES BOUND MORPHEMES

- When free morphemes are used with
bound morphemes attached, the basic
word forms are technically known as
“STEMS”.
*M: Morpheme
- There are a number of English words,
typically derived from Latin in which the
element treated as the stem is not a
free morpheme. . These types of form
are called “BOUND STEM”

Undressed Reduce

Un- dress -ed re- -duce

prefix stem suffix prefix stem

(bound M) (free M) (bound M) (bound M) (bound stem)

=> Stem have two types: FREE STEM and BOUND STEM
 TRY AND LEARN / ACTIVITY

20 / 9
LEXICAL AND FUNCTIONAL MORPHEMES

SOCIAL SCIENCE CLASS / LAMFORD SCHOOL

 FREE MORPHEME

SOCIAL SCIENCE CLASS / LAMFORD SCHOOL

ACTIVITY

LEXICAL MORPHEMES FUNCTIONAL MORPHEMES

20 / 14
 The differences between Lexical morphemes and Functional morphemes
Lexical morphemes Functional morphemes
W E L C O M E TO TO D AY ' S C L A S S   / TO D AY ' S A G E N D A

+ Carry the "content" of the messages + Do not carry the content of a

SOCIAL SCIENCE CLASS / LAMFORD SCHOOL

we convey. message, but rather help the grammar
of the sentence function.

+ A set of : + Consisting of :
• Ordinary nouns ( girl, cat,...) • Articles (a/an/the),
• Adjectives ( red, pretty,...) • Conjunctions (and, or, …)
• Verbs ( make, cry, invite,...) • Prepositions ( in, at,…),
• Adverbs ( offten, very, acctually...) • Pronouns ( it, me,…).

+ Be treated as an "open" class of + Be "closed" class of words.

words.
 For example:

My mother serves me breakfast in tiny plates.

SOCIAL SCIENCE CLASS / LAMFORD SCHOOL

ACTIVITY

LEXICAL MORPHEMES FUNCTIONAL MORPHEMES

20 / 14