History of the Periodic Table

• Fast facts
• 91 naturally occurring elements
• Oxygen is most abundant element
• Tie together properties that make metals,
metals and non-metals, nonmetals
• Early 1800’s scientists started to note
relationships between certain elements and
their atomic masses
• Classification of elements began using these
similarities
• Dobereiner @40 known elements
• First scientist to observe an important trend
• Noticed certain groups of three elements
had similar physical and chemical
properties but different masses
• Called them TRIADS
• Ex. Li,Na,K Cl,Br,I Cu,Ag,Au Be,Mg,Ca
• Newland
• mid 1800’s
• 45 @ known elements
• Noted connection of properties and mass were a
repeating pattern in order of increasing mass
• Every 8th element had similar
properties(Dobereiner’s Triads)
• Didn’t know about Noble gases
• Called it Law of Octaves
• Problems occurred as more elements were
discovered and did not fit pattern
• Mendeleev 1860’s @ 60+ known elements
• Father of Periodic Table (P.T.)
• Developed table that showed relationship between
properties of elements and atomic masses
• Remember: the only thing known about atoms is?
• Dalton’s Theories
• No e- or p+
• Carefully planned and in great detail
• Avoided earlier mistakes of forcing elements to fit
into 8 pattern like Newland
• Proposed properties were a function of increasing
atomic mass
• Believed similar properties occurred after periods
that could vary in length by specific patterns
• Left blank spaces on table were an element did not
fit ( did not force elements in) properties
• Predicted that spaces were undiscovered elements
• Predicted masses and properties of unknowns
• Elements discovered were very close to
predictions
• Elements properties repeated in an orderly way
• Not all elements fit pattern
• Ex. Te-I and Co-Ni
• Mendeleev switched elements around even
though masses were not in pattern
• Believed properties were more important
factor to consider
• Predicted a new theory or discovery would
explain this
• 1st Periodic Law: properties of the elements
are a periodic function of their increasing
atomic masses
• Mosley explained exceptions with
discovery of Atomic Number
• Modern Periodic Law: properties of the
elements are a periodic function of their
increasing atomic number
• Using a P.T.
• Elements arranged in horizontal rows in
order of increasing atomic number
• 5 things found on every P.T.
• 1. Symbol of element
• 2. Atomic number of element
• 3. Atomic mass of element
• 4. 7 periods
• 5. 18 groups and 2 series
• Period
• Horizontal row, 7 total
• Begins on left side, 1st element always has a
single e- in valence shell
• Each Period ends on right with a Noble
Gas, an element with 8e- in the valence
shell
• Period shows the HIGHEST energy level
currently being filled
• Vertical columns are called GROUPS,1- 18
• Also referred to as Families
• Share similar chemical and physical
properties
• Number of valence e- in a Group are all the
same
• Same ending ECN
• Only difference is the number of energy
levels
• Family names
• Group 1 Alkali metals
• Group2 Alkaline earth metals
• Group 17 Halogens
• Group 18 Noble gases
• Look at Periods
• 1
• 2
• 3
• 4
• 5
• 6
• 7
• Transitional elements
• d-block
• Have incomplete d sublevels
• e- are filling in d sublevel
• All transitional elements as a group share
similar chem & phys properties
• Look at Groups
• Group 1
• Group 2
• Groups 3-11
• Group12
• Group 13
• Group 14
• Group 15
• Group16
• Group 17
• Group 18
• 2 Series
• Lanthanoid

• Actinoid
• P.T. is actually a repetitive pattern of ECN's
• Still does go by increasing atomic number
• Why?
• An atoms chemical properties are based on
its ending ECN
• Can use the table to read an elements ECN
• Group 1 all end in s1
• Group 2 all end in s2
• Called the s-block
• Transition elements all end in a d (1-10)
• Called d-block
• Groups 13-18 all end in p (1-6)
• Called p-block
• Lathanoids and Actinoids all end in f (1-14)
• Some ECN’s are not what expect however
• Due to the added stability by the
rearrangement of the e- in the outer
sublevels
• Some ECN’s are modified
• Due to stability factors
• Ex. Cr 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3d4
• Changes to 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s1 3d5
• Half-filled or completely filled sublevels
are more stable than incompletely filled
sublevels
• Due to e- spin and distribution
• Only occurs in incomplete d and f filling
sublevels
• Octet Rule
• When there are 8e- in the outer energy level
of an atom s2p6, the atom is rendered
unreactive
• Atoms react with each other because the
resulting system is more stable after the
reaction than before
• ECN is one of the most important factors
leading to atom stability
• Atoms want to achieve s2p6 (Noble Gas
configuration)
• Other important feature of P.T.
• Staircase
• Separates metals on left, from non-metals
on right
• Elements on staircase are referred to as
metalloids
 Metals
• Shiny (luster)
• Hard
• Conduct electricity and heat well
• Malleable
• Ductile
• Generally have three or fewer e- in their valance
levels
• Tend to lose e- in the bonding process
 Non-metals
• Brittle
• No luster
• Do not conduct heat and electricity
• Generally have 5 or more e- in their valence
shell
• Tend to gain or share e- in the bonding
process
 Metalloids
• Share some of but not all of the
characteristics of both metals and non-
metals