ENVIRONMENTAL

POLLUTION CONTROL
-K.PRAVEEN B.Tech(Under Graduate)
 POLLUTION CONTROL DEVICES
Air Pollution is the contamination of air due to
the substances such as CO2,Particulate
matter,NO2 etc that are harmful to mankind and
environment.
A deveice which is used to control the impurities
in air are called Pollution Control Devices
Ex:Fabric Filters,Electrostatic,Precipitators,
Scrubbers,Adsorption, Incineration,Carbon
sequestration
 POLLUTION REMOVAL
MECHANISMS
Gravitational Settling:Particle containg
gas stream is introduces into chamber
where particles settle under gravity
Centrifugal Impaction:Gas allowed to
follow to a circular path which causes the
particles to impact on the outer pheriphary
of device
Electrostatic Attraction:
Particle containing gas introcuded into a
device in which particles are charged and
subjected to an electric feild which cause
tthem to migrate to one side of chamber
 POLLUTION REMOVAL MECHANISMS
Direct Interception:Particles having less
inertia ,barely follow the path of gas
streamline around the fiber and gets
intercepted by the fibres.
Inertial Depositation:When a gas stream
changes its direction as it flows around an
object in its path,suspended particles tend to
move in original direction due to inertia
Browmanian Diffusion:Particles suspended
in gas stream always in browmanian
motion.When the gas stream flows around
obstacles,the natural randeom motion of
particles will bring them to contact with the
obstacles.
 FABRIC FILTERS

In a Fabric filter, Flue gas is passed through a

tightly woven or felted fabric causing the
particulates in the flue gas to be collected on
fabric by seiving and other mechanisam
Capable of efficiently collecting the particles
of size 0.1-1000 μm
Collection efficiency is near to 99%
 PRINCIPAL BEHIND FABRIC FILTER
As Particles adhere to the fabric,the removal
efficiency will increase,but so the Pressure
drop decreases.
Pressure drop is the sum of Pressure drop due
to Fabric and Pressure drop due to
Caked/Adhered particles
Represented by Darcy Equation:
ΔPT:Overall pressure drop across the fabric
ΔPR:Conditional residual pressure drop
ΔPC:Pressure drop due to dust cake
XR:Thickness of filter
XC:Thickness of partical layer
KR:Permiabillity of filter layer
KC:Permiability of partical layer
V:Superficial gas flow velocity through fabric
μg:Gas viscousity
Resistance due to cake deposition is also
determined as:
ΔPC=Pressure drop due to dust cake
Ci=Dust loading (assumed constant.)
V=Superficial gas flow velocity(assumed const.)
t=Filteration time
K2=Dust resistance coefficient

Dust Resistance coefficient (K2) is estimated as:

dg=Geometric mass median diameter

μg:Gas viscousity
ρp:Density of particulate
 SIZE PARAMETERS
The Air to Cloth ratio is the main sizing parameter used for fabric filter
The Gross Air to Cloth Ratio is defined as the actual gas flow rate at
maximum operating conditions divided by the total fabric area in the baghouse

For single Compartment:

(A/C)gross=(Qmaximum/Atotal)

For Multiple Comprtment:

(A/C)net=(Qmaximum/Anet)
A=πDL
 EFFICIENCY
Efficiency during the precoat formation is low but
inccreases to 99% after the precoat is formed(Pre
coat acts as a filter medium)

Accumulation of dust increases the air resistance

of filter and therefore filter bags must be cleaned
periodically
They can be removed by rapping,shaking,
vibration or reverse airflow

Normal velocities of air flow through the air bag

is 0.4-1 m/min.
 FACTORS AFFECTING FILTER RATIO
• Excessive Filter ratios:Carrier Gas
volume/Filter area per minute
• Improper selection of Filter Media:
Consider properties like Temperature,
resistance,abrasion resistance,resistance
to chemical attack.
• Cleaning
• Rupture of the Fabric
 FILTER MEDIUM SELECTION PROCESS
Characterstics and Properties of Carrier gas and dust particles must be
considered while selecting the
filtering medium.
• Carrier gas Temperature
• Carrier gas composition
• Gas flow rate
• Size and Shape of Dust particles
• Composition of Dust particles
 MULTI COMPARTMENT TYPE BAG
HOUSE
If a continous operation is required,a
Multi compartment type bag filter is used.

It allows the individual unit of the bag to be

successively off stream during
shaking/cleaning.

Sufficient Cloth to Area must be provided f

to ensure the filter capacity will not be
reduced during shaking periods when any
one unit of the filter is off stream
 ADVANTAGES
• High collection efficiencies (>99%)
• Effective for a wide range of Dust
types
• Operates over wide range of gas flow
rates
• Reasobanally low pressure drops
• Good efficiency for small particles
• Dry collection and disposal
DISADVANTAGES
• Operating limits because of high
temperature of carrier gas,humidity,
and other parameters
• High Maintainance and Fabric
Replacement cost
• Large size of Equipment
• Requires dry environment
• Fire or Explosion Potential
• Problems in handling dust that may
be abrade,coorode,or clog the cloth
 ELECTROSTATIC PRECIPITATORS
Electrostatic Precipitators are used in
many industries for the higher efficiency
and collection of particulate matter

It removes particles of less than

(10-300μm) from a dust emmision
by using electrical energy to chare
particles either positevely or negatively
 PRINCIPLE
Charged particles are attracted to collector plates carrying the
opposite charge
The speed at which the migration takes place is known as the
migration or Drift velocity which depends on the Electrical force as
well as the Drag force deveolped
 EFFICIENCY CALCULATION
Drift velocity is used to determine the
collection efficiencyh by using
Deutch Anderson Equation:

The Particle size plays a key role in

determination drift velocity,hence modified
Deutch Anderson Equation is used
 EFFICIENCY CURVE

There are very high collection

Efficiencies above 1.0 μm due to
Increasing effectiveness of contact
charging for large particles
Increased diffusion charging causes
collection efficiency to Increase for
particles smaller than 0.1 μm
 CORONO POWER
Operating Power Consumption in an ESP mainly comes
from corona power and pressure devolp,mainly the corona
power.
The corona power(PC) can be approx as:
Pc=IcVavg
Effective Migration velocity (ω)=(k’Pc/A)

The ratio Pc/A is also called the power density

 Efficiency Vs Corona Power
For Collection Efficiency more than
98.5%,the require
Power increases rapidly for an
increase in collection efficiency.

Pc/Q is called the Corona power ratio

Collection Efficiency:
 TYPES OF PRECIPITATORS
Single stage:Gas ionization and particulate
collection combined in a single chamber
Two stage:Gas ionization in one chamber and
Particulate collection in second chamber

Pipe type Precipitaors:Collecting electrodes

are formed by a nest of parallel pipes which
may be round,square or orthogonal
Plate type precipitators:Collecting electrodes
are formed by placing parallel plates at equal
distances
 APPLICATIONS
• Cement factories
Wet Process:0.1-0.11 m/s
• Paper and Pulp mills:0.8 m/s
• Steel Plants
Open Hearth furnances:0.06 m/s
Secondary Blast Furnances:0.12 m/s
• Non Ferrous Metal Industries
• Petroleum Industry
• Catalyst dust :0.08 m/s
• Electric power industry
 ADVANTAGES
High Collection Efficiency
Parcticles as small as 0.1 μm can be
removed
Low maintainance and operting costs
Low pressure drop
Can handle large volumes of high
temperature gases
Treatment time is negligible
Cleaning is easy by removing units of
precipitators
DISADVANTAGES
High initial cost
Space rrequirement is more because of
large size of equipment
Possible explosion hazards during the
collection of combustile particlates.
Poisinous gas and ,Ozone is produced
by the negatively charged electrodes
during ionization.
Collection efficiency can detorate
gradually.
Safegaurding of operating personnel
from high voltage is necessary
 REFERENCES
• Environmental Pollution Control Engineering by C.S.Rao Pg.No:175-182
• Air Pollution and Control,Lecture:43 Pollution control Devices Part-2
by Prof.Bhola Ram Gurjar-IIT Roorkee
• Images from www.google.com
A Plant should be located at a place where
inhabitants are interested in it’s success...
-Dr. Vishweshwarya

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