COLLOIDAL DISPERSIONS

COLLOIDS : SEDIMENTATION
GROUP NO. 29

GROUP MEMBERS
RUMAISA ALI - B21101007179
WANIYA IMRAN- B21101007224
OMAMA IMAM- B21101007171
SYEDA HAFSA- B21101007204
OMAIMA SIDDIQUI- B21101007170
 CONTENTS

• Sedimentation
• Effects of sedimentation on colloids
• Stoke's Law
• Sedimentation Coefficient
 SEDIMENTATION
• It is a simple process of settling of particles.
• Under the influence of gravity

SMALL PARTICLE LARGE PARTICLES

-Less weight -More weight

-Less effect of gravity -More effect of gravity
-More brownian motion -Less brownian motion
-More time to sediment -Less time to sediment
SEDIMENTATION
Sedimentation is the process by which the
dispersed particles in a colloid settle out and
form a sediment at the bottom of the
container. Sedimentation occurs due to the
force of gravity acting on the particles, which
causes them to sink to the bottom of the
container over time. The rate of
sedimentation depends on several factors,
including the size and density of the
particles, the viscosity of the continuous
phase, and the strength of the gravitational
field.
 EFFECTS OF SEDIMENTATION ON COLLOIDS
Sedimentation can have several effects on the behavior and properties of colloids.

• One important effect is the formation of a concentration gradient in the colloid, with the
highest concentration of particles at the bottom of the container. This concentration gradient
can have important implications for the stability and reactivity of the colloid, as well as its
optical and mechanical properties.

• Another effect of sedimentation is the formation of a sediment at the bottom of the container.
This sediment can be difficult to remove and can cause problems in some applications, such
as in the manufacture of pharmaceuticals or the processing of food products. To minimize the
effects of sedimentation, various techniques can be employed, such as the use of stabilizing
agents or the application of external fields to control the motion of the particles.
 STOKE'S LAW
Stoke’s Law is a mathematical equation that expresses the settling velocities of
the small spherical particles in a fluid medium. The law is derived considering
the forces acting on a particular particle as it sinks through the liquid column
under the influence of gravity.
The velocity, v, of sedimentation of spherical particles having a density ρ in a
medium of density ρ0 and a viscosity η0 is given byStokes's law:

where g is the acceleration due to gravity. If the particles are subjected only to
the force of gravity, then the lower size limit of particles obeying Stokes's
equation is about 0.5 µm. This is because Brownian movement becomes
significant and tends to offset sedimentation due to gravity and promotes mixing
instead.
 STOKE'S LAW
Consequently, a stronger force must be applied to bring about the sedimentation of colloidal particles in a
quantitative and measurable manner. This is accomplished by use of the ultracentrifuge, developed by
Svedberg in 1925,8 which can produce a force one million times that of gravity.
The above equation is accordingly modified to:

In a centrifuge, the acceleration of gravity is replaced by x,

where ω is the angular velocity and
x is the distance of the particle from the center of rotation.
FACTORS AFFECTING RATE
OF SEDIMENTATION
A/C TO
Radius of
Viscosity
STOKE'S
Sphere
LAW
Gravitational
Density
acceleration
QUESTION:
A centrifuge is rotating at 1500rpm. The midpoint of the cell containing the sample is located 7.5cm from
the point rotor (x=7.5cm). What is the angular acceleration and the number of g’s on the suspended
particles?

Data:
Rpm(rotation per minute)= 1500 rpm
x= 7.5cm ω=?

Solution:
angular acceleration=

For angular velocity: ω

N (rpm) x = = 24649 cm/sec

angular acceleration: x
24649 x 7.5cm = 1.848 xcm/

Number of g’s= = = 188.7 g’s

 SEDIMENTATION COEFFICIENT
The instantaneous velocity 𝑑𝑦/𝑑𝑥 of a unit centrifugal field is expressed in the terms of Svedberg sedimentation coefficient. It is
defined as the ratio of a particle's sedimentation velocity to the applied acceleration causing the sedimentation.

Due to centrifugal forces, the high molecular weight pass from position x1 at time t1 to the position x2 to the time t2 ,now the
equation for sedimentation constant is given as:

The sedimentation coefficient can also be computed from eq3as the distances are measured on Schlieren photographs obtained at
times t1 and t2 .angular velocity is equal to 2π times the speed of rotar in eevolution per sec.knowing S, it is possible to
determine molecular weight of any polymer by;

Here,R = molar gas constant

T=absolute temperature
n=partial specfic volume
p0=density of solvent ,whereas,S=sedimentation coefficient
D=diffusion coefficient...must be at 20°C
QUESTION:
The sedimentation coefficient s for a particular fraction of methyl cellulose at 20 ℃I is 1.7x sec, the
diffusion coefficient, D is 15x/sec, the partial specific volume n=0.72. Compute the molecular weight of
methyl cellulose. The gas constant R is 8.31x10^7erg/(deg mole)

With the given data:

R= 8.31xerg/degmol
n= 0.72/g
S= 1.7 x sec
D= 15x/sec
T=20℃ (20℃+273K=293K)
thus,

M=

M = 9800 g/mole’