Mid-term Review Session

Basic Concepts
• Descriptive Statistics vs. Inferential Statistics
• Quantitative vs. Qualitative
• Parametric vs. Nonparametric
• Normal distribution, positive skew, negative skew
• Nominal, interval, ordinal, numerical or continuous
• Random sampling
• Null and research hypothesis
P value
When p < .05 When p > .05

• Reject the null • Do not reject the null

• Assume that results more • Your results are not statistically
extreme occur less than 5 times significant
out of 100
• (Look to see if you can report p
< .01, or p < .001)
One vs. Two tailed tests

One-Tailed
• Can detect a positive difference
in a population
• Can detect a negative difference
• Cannot detect both
Two-Tailed
• Can detect both positive and
negative differences
Descriptive Statistics
Calculate Mean, Median, and Mode for
Describe: this data set:
• Mean 24
• Median 28
• Mode 21
19
17
24
Chi Square
• Null hypothesis?

• When can we use a chi-square test?

• What does it mean if p < .05?
• What does it mean if p > .05?
• The sum of the observed must be the same as the sum of ______
• Report a chi-square according to the handbook:

• What would it mean if you computed a 3x3 chi-square test with N=100, and
X2 = 18.25?
Spearman’s rs
• Null hypothesis?
• When can we use a Spearman’s rstest?
• What does it mean if p < .05?
• What does it mean if p > .05?

• How do you report a Spearman’s rs?

• What would it mean if you computed a Spearman’s rs with N= 10 and

rs= .89?
Paired-samples t-test
• Null hypothesis?
• When can we use a paired samples t-test?
• What does it mean if p < .05?
• What does it mean if p > .05?

• How do you report a paired samples t-test?

• What would it mean if you computed a paired samples t-test with df

of 31, and t stat of 1.71?
Independent samples t-test
• Null hypothesis- no difference in groups
• When can we use an independent samples t-test?
• What does it mean if p < .05?
• What does it mean if p > .05?

• How do you report a paired samples t-test?

• What would it mean if you computed an independent samples t-test

with df of 15, and t stat of .02?
Preparing for the exam:
• Review (lessons)
• Read (Spatz)
• Practice (problems and mid-term practice test)
• Check your work (pinpoint any errors)
• Contact me (send problems in Excel, email, set up phone conference)
• Take the exam
• Best effort and environment
• Re-teaching lesson (week 8)
Z-tests
• Considered a descriptive and inferential statistic.
• See ppt. on z-tests in the Spearman’s folder (3rd lesson).