Inferential Statistics

Final Review Session

 Can you read, write, and analyze statistics?

Review for final

Pop Quiz: What test would you select…
1. Examining differences between pre-post scores of the
same students.
2. Examining similarities between student’s math & science
scores.
3. Analyzing if there is a relationship between males and
females passing/failing driving tests.
4. Determining if there is a difference between 5 schools
monthly # of discipline infractions.
5. Examining if there is a similarity between elementary
and middle school students ranked incentives for test
performance.
6. After an ANOVA reveals a significant difference in groups.
Pop Quiz: Answers
1. Examining differences between pre-
post scores of the same students.
2. Examining similarities between
student’s math & science scores.
3. Analyzing if there is a relationship
between males and females
passing/failing driving tests.
4. Determining if there is a difference
between 5 schools monthly # of
discipline infractions.
5. Examining if there is a similarity
between elementary and middle
school students ranked incentives for
test performance.
6. After an ANOVA reveals a significant
difference in groups.
1. Paired Sample t-test
The students would be matched in each row,
and scores reported in columns.
2. Regression test
The students would be matched in each row,
and the scores placed in the columns.
3. Chi-Square Test
Male/female and pass/fail observations in a
2X2.
4. ANOVA
Each school would be a separate column, and
the number of infractions placed in the rows.
5. Spearman’s r s
In one column place the rank for the incentives
for elementary, and in the second column place
the ranks for incentives for middle school.
6. Independent Sample t-test
Run separate t-tests for each combination.
 Wait! What do the
results really mean?
If each test was significant (p<.05)…
1. Examining differences between pre-
post scores of the same students.
2. Examining similarities between
student’s math & science scores.
3. Analyzing if there is a relationship
between males and females
passing/failing driving tests.
4. Determining if there is a difference
between 5 schools monthly # of
discipline infractions.
5. Examining if there is a similarity
between elementary and middle
school students ranked incentives for
test performance.
6. After an ANOVA reveals a significant
difference in groups.
1. Paired Sample t-test
There was a significant difference between
student’s pre-post test results. Look at the means…
2. Regression test
There was a significant relationship between
student’s math and science scores.
3. Chi-Square Test
Gender is related to passing or failing driving tests.
Look at which gender passed at a higher rate.
4. ANOVA
There is a significant difference between number of
discipline infractions at the different schools. Run a
post-hoc test to determine diff.
5. Spearman’s r s
There is a similarity between incentive preference.
Age did not affect preference.
6. Independent Sample t-test
There was a significant difference between group A
and group B.
Review basic concepts:

What is the difference between descriptive and inferential statistics?

• Calculate and define: Mean, Median, Mode, Range

• Define and describe distributions: normal, bimodal
• Parametric vs. nonparametric testing

• Quantitative research vs. qualitative research

• Research questions and hypothesis testing
Inferential Statistics
• When p < .05…
• When p > .05…
• Identify when to use, calculate, report (according to handbook), and
interpret:
• Spearman’s rs
• Chi-Square
• Paired Samples t-test
• Independent Samples t-test
• ANOVA (and post-hoc testing)
• Regression/Pearson Product Moment r
• Correlations and cause/effect relationships
Final Thoughts…
• Thank you for your participation and effort in this class.
• Final is due by midnight (EST).