STS Reviewer

QUIZ STS REVIEWER
For numbers 1-5: For items 6-10:
Shade A if the given samples are independent Thirty randomly selected students of BSU were
and B if the samples are dependent. asked their degree program (BSMA, BSBA,
BPA). They were then asked to answer a 60-
1. A professor wants to know if there are point math exercise and their scores are
differences between the scores in midterm and recorded. Is there a significant difference
pre-final exams of her students. She randomly between the scores of students when grouped
selected 25 students from whom she obtained according to their degree program a = 0.05.
both the midterm and pre-final scores.
DEPENDENT 6. What is the correct Ho for the problem?
2. A badminton player wants to test if there is A. The scores of students when grouped
a difference in speed between two brands of according to their degree program are all the
shuttlecocks. Twenty shuttlecocks from each same
brand were randomly selected from a
B. The scores of students when grouped
production batch and each sampled
according to their degree program are not the
shuttlecock was subjected to the test.
same.
3. Studies show that Filipinos are relatively
C. The scores of BPA students are greater than
friendlier compared to other races. To verify
or equal to the scores of BSMA and BSMA
this, a Japanese national randomly selected 50
students.
Filipinos and another 50 non-Filipinos and
asked them whether or not they will talk to a D. The scores of BPA students are less than or
stranger on bus. INDEPENDENT equal the scores of BSMA and BSBA
4. To verify if first born children tend to be

more independent than those who were not, 5
7. What is the correct Ha for the problem?
first born children with their second born
siblings were randomly chosen. All sampled A. The scores of BSA and BSMA students is
children were tasked to answer a test that higher than the scores of BPA students.
determines if a person can be considered
independent, and their test scores were B. The scores of BSA and BSMA students is
(PUTOL PALA TO SOWI) lower than the scores of BPA students.
C. There is no significant difference between

the scores of BSMA, BSBA, and BPA students.
5. (HINDI KO NAPICTURAN)
D. There is a significant difference between the
scores of BSMA, BSBA, and BPA students.
8. The appropriate test to use for this problem
is
A. f-test b. Pearson r c. ANOVA d.

Regression
9. If p-value is 0.005, what is the correct deco?
a. Retain Ha
b. Fail to Reject Ho
c. Reject Ho
d. Accept Ho
10 The correct conclusion for the problem is?
A. There is enough evidence to say the claim is false
B. There is enough evidence to say the claim is true
C. There is no enough evidence to say the clam is false
D. There is no enough evidence to say the claim is true

For item 11-15:
A survey of employees is conducted and was 14. If p-value is 0.05, what is the correct
asked their salary and years of education. Is decision? E- REJECT Ho
there an association between the two variables?
A Retain Ha
Set a = 0.10
B. Fail to Reject Ho
C. Reject Ha
11. What is the correct He for the problem?
D. Accept Ho
A. There is no significant relationship between
salary and years of education.
B. There is a significant relationship between 15. The correct conclusion for the problem is
salary and years of education
A. There is enough evidence to say the claim is
C. There is no significant effect between salary false.
and years of education
B. There is enough evidence to say the claim is
D. There is a significant effect between salary true.
and years of education.
C. There is no enough evidence to say the claim
is false.
12. The appropriate test to use for this problem D. There is no enough evidence to say the claim
is? is true
a. T-Test b. Pearson r c. ANOVA d.
Regression
13. The r-value is -0.88 and car be interpreted as
A. direct and substantial relationship
B. inverse and substantial relationship
C. direct and marked relationship
D. inverse and marked relationship

STATISTICAL
INFERENCE
HYPOTHESIS TESTING
Inferential Statistics
1. Parametric Tests
- Assume underlying statistical distributions in the data. Therefore, several
conditions of validity must be met so that the result of a parametric test is
reliable.
- Apply to data in ratio scale, and some apply to data in interval scale
2. Non Parametric Test
- Refer to a statistical method in which the data is not required to fit a
normal distribution.
- Most non-parametric tests apply to data in an ordinal scale, and some
apply to data in nominal scale.
Inference About Two Means
To perform inference on the difference of two population means,
we must first determine whether the data come from an independent or
dependent sample.
Distinguish between Independent and Dependent Sample

- A sampling method is independent when the individuals selected for one
sample do not dictate which individuals are to be in a second sample.
- A sampling method is dependent when the individual selected to be in
one sample are used to determine the individuals to be in the second sample
Illustration:
Determine whether the sample is independent or dependent.
1. An urban economist believes that commute times to work in the South

are less than commute times to work in the Midwest. He randomly selects
40 employed individuals in the south and 45 employed individuals in the
Midwest and determines their commute times.
Answer: Independent
Illustration:
2. In an experiment conducted in biology class, Prof. Jeniper measured the

time required for 12 students to catch a failing meter stick using their
dominant hand and nondominant hand. The goal of the study was to
determine whether the reaction time in an individual’s dominant hand is
different from the reaction time in the non dominant hand.
Answer: Dependent
Illustration:
3. A researcher wants to know if the mean length of stay in for-profit

hospitals is different from the mean length of stay in not-for-profit
hospitals. He randomly selected 20 individuals in the for-profit hospital and
matched them with 20 individuals in the not-for-profit by diagnosis.
Answer: Dependent
Dependent Sample t - Test
The dependent sample t-test (also called the paired t-test or
paired-samples t-test) compares the means of two related groups to
determine whether there is a statistically significant difference between
these means.
𝐻𝑜 ∶ 𝜇1 ≥ 𝜇2 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐻𝑎 ∶ 𝜇1 < 𝜇2
𝐻𝑜 ∶ 𝜇1 ≤ 𝜇2 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐻𝑎 ∶ 𝜇1 > 𝜇2
𝐻𝑜 ∶ 𝜇1 = 𝜇2 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐻𝑎 ∶ 𝜇1 ≠ 𝜇2
EXAMPLE 2:
A teacher is interested to know if the new
learning program will help to increase the number of
correct remembered words. 10 Subjects learn a list
of 50 words. Learning performance is measured
using a recall test. After the first test all subjects are
instructed how to use the learning program and then
learn a second list of 50 words. Learning
performance is again measured with the recall test.
In the following table the number of correct
remembered words are listed for both tests.
EXAMPLE 2: SOLUTION
1. State the Null and Alternative Hypothesis
Null hypothesis: 𝐻𝑜 ∶ 𝜇1 ≥ 𝜇2
The new learning program will not help to increase the number of
correct remembered words.
Alternative Hypothesis: 𝐻𝑎 ∶ 𝜇1 < 𝜇2

The new learning program will help to increase the number of
correct remembered words.
EXAMPLE 2: SOLUTION
2. Set the level of significance or alpha level 𝜶
We set 𝛼 = 0.05.
3. Determine the test distribution to use.

Dependent variable: Number of correct remembered words
Independent variable: Treatment (before and after)
Since we are comparing the means of two related groups, we will

use the dependent sample t-test.
EXAMPLE 2: SOLUTION
4. Calculate test statistic or p-value
EXAMPLE 2: SOLUTION
5. Make statistical decision (Using p-value approach)
If 𝑝 − 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒 ≤ 𝛼, reject 𝐻𝑜 , otherwise failed to reject 𝐻𝑜 .
In this example, since

0.0086 < 0.05, we reject 𝐻𝑜 .
EXAMPLE 2: SOLUTION
6. Make a conclusion
There is sufficient evidence to support that the new learning
program help to increase the number of correct remembered words.
Independent Sample t - Test
The independent sample t - test allows researchers to evaluate or
to compare the mean difference between two populations using the data
from two separate samples. It is used to test whether population means are
significantly different from each other, using the means from randomly
drawn samples.
𝐻𝑜 ∶ 𝜇1 ≥ 𝜇2 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐻𝑎 ∶ 𝜇1 < 𝜇2
𝐻𝑜 ∶ 𝜇1 ≤ 𝜇2 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐻𝑎 ∶ 𝜇1 > 𝜇2
𝐻𝑜 ∶ 𝜇1 = 𝜇2 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐻𝑎 ∶ 𝜇1 ≠ 𝜇2
EXAMPLE 3:
Researchers wanted to know whether there was a
difference in comprehension among students learning a
computer program based on the style of the text. They
randomly divided 18 students into two groups of 9 each. The
researchers verified that the 18 students were similar in terms
of educational level, age, and so on. Group 1 individuals
learned the software using visual manual (multimodal
instruction), while Group 2 individual learned the software
using textual manual (Unimodal instruction). The following
data represent scores the students received on an exam given to
them they studied from the manuals.
EXAMPLE 3: SOLUTION
Null hypothesis: 𝐻𝑜 ∶ 𝜇1 = 𝜇2
There is no significant difference between the scores of the
students learning computer program using textual and visual style.
Alternative Hypothesis: 𝐻𝑎 ∶ 𝜇1 ≠ 𝜇2
There is significant difference between the scores of the students
learning computer program using textual and visual style.
EXAMPLE 3: SOLUTION
We set 𝛼 = 0.05.

Dependent variable: scores
Independent variable: style of the text (visual and textual)
Since we are comparing the means of two independent groups, we

will use the independent sample t-test.
EXAMPLE 3: SOLUTION
Before we proceed to step 4, we have to check first if the
variances are equal or not.
F-test uses the ratio of the two variances to assess if the two
populations have equal variances. The following hypotheses are
formulated:
𝐻𝑜 : Equal Variances assumed
𝐻𝑎 : Equal Variances not assumed
EXAMPLE 3: SOLUTION
In F-test Two-sample for Variances, if 𝑝 − 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒 ≤ 𝛼, reject 𝐻𝑜 ,
otherwise failed to reject 𝐻𝑜 .

0.1174 > 0.05, we failed to reject 𝐻𝑜 .
So, we we will proceed to t-test:
Two Sample Assuming Equal Variances.
EXAMPLE 3: SOLUTION
EXAMPLE 3: SOLUTION

0.2087 > 0.05, we failed to reject 𝐻𝑜 .
EXAMPLE 3: SOLUTION
There is no enough evidence to support that there is a difference
in comprehension among students learning a computer program based on
the style of the text.
Analysis of Variance (ANOVA)
One-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) is a method of testing
the equality of three or more population means by analyzing sample
variances
𝐻𝑜 ∶ 𝜇1 = 𝜇2 = ⋯ = 𝜇𝑘
𝐻𝑎 ∶ at least one of the population means is different from the others
EXAMPLE 4:
A researcher wanted to compare math test scores of
students at the end of secondary school from various
cities. Eight randomly selected students from Makati,
Manila, and Quezon City each were administered the
same exam; the results are presented in the following
table. Can the researchers conclude
that the distribution of exam scores is different for each
city at the level of significance 𝛼 = 0.10?
EXAMPLE 4: SOLUTION
Null hypothesis:
There is no significant difference between the mathematics scores
of students at various city.
Alternative Hypothesis:
There is significant difference between the mathematics scores of
students at various city.
EXAMPLE 4: SOLUTION
We set 𝛼 = 0.10.

Dependent variable: Mathematics scores
Independent variable: Cities (Makati, Manila, Quezon City)
Since we are comparing the means of one independent variable

that consist of two or more categorical groups, we will use the one-way
ANOVA.
EXAMPLE 4: SOLUTION
EXAMPLE 4: SOLUTION

0.0002 < 0.10, we reject 𝐻𝑜 .
EXAMPLE 4: SOLUTION
There is enough evidence to support that the distribution of exam
scores of students in mathematics is different for each city.
CORRELATION
& REGRESSION
PEARSON r and REGRESSION LINES
Pearson Product Moment Correlation
The Pearson product moment correlation coefficient (Pearson r) is
a measure of the strength of a linear association between two variables and
is denoted by r.
Ho: There is no significant relationship between two continuous variables.

Ha: There is significant relationship between two continuous variables.
Features of r
° Unit free
° Range between -1 and 1
° The closer to -1, the stronger the negative linear relationship.
° The closer to 1, the stronger the positive linear relationship.
° The closer to 0, the weaker the linear relationship.
° If r is negative, the correlation is inverse.
° If r is positive, the correlation is direct.
IMPORTANT NOTE: Correlation does not imply causation.

Interpreting the value for r
We can use Guilford’s interpretation for the value of |𝑟|.
r value Interpretation
Less than 0.20 Almost negligible relationship
0.20-0.40 Definite but small relationship
0.40-0.70 Substantial relationship
0.70-0.90 Marked relationship
0.90-1.00 Very dependable relationship

EXAMPLE 1:
A dietetics student wanted to look at the
relationship between calcium intake and
knowledge about calcium in sports science
students. Table shows the data she collected. Is
there a relationship between calcium intake and
knowledge about calcium in sports science
students?
EXAMPLE 1: (Solution)
Null hypothesis:
There is no significant relationship between the calcium intake
and knowledge about calcium in sports science students.
Alternative hypothesis:
There is significant relationship between the calcium intake and
knowledge about calcium in sports science students
We set 𝛼 = 0.05.

Dependent variable: calcium intake
Independent variable: knowledge about calcium
Since we are testing the significant relationship of two variables,

we will use Pearson r.
4. Calculate test statistic or p-value.
5. Make Statistical Decision (Using the p-value approach)
If 𝑝 − 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒 ≤ 𝛼, reject Ho, otherwise failed to reject Ho.
Direct and
marked
relationship
In this example 0.000000267 < 0.05, we reject Ho.

6. Drawing Conclusion
There is sufficient evidence to conclude that there is significant
relationship between the calcium intake and knowledge about calcium in
sports science students.
Regression Analysis
Correlation entrapped and cloistered us within the parameter of
merely associating. Correlation in and by itself cannot establish causation
to warrant prediction. But in regression analysis, not only that we can
connect and associate some observable patterns, it also permits us finally to
make predictions.
Regression Analysis
EXAMPLE 2:
A family doctor is interested in examining the
relationship between a patient’s age and total
cholesterol (in mg/dL). He randomly selects 14 of his
female patients and obtains the data presented in the
right. Test whether a significant effect exists between
age and total cholesterol at the 𝛼 = 0.05 level of
significance.
Regression Analysis
Null hypothesis: 𝛽1 = 0
There is no significant effect between age and total cholesterol.\
Age does not significantly affect total cholesterol
Alternative hypothesis: 𝛽1 ≠ 0
There is a significant effect between age and total cholesterol.
Age significantly affects total cholesterol
Regression Analysis
We set 𝛼 = 0.05.

Dependent variable: total cholesterol
Independent variable: age
Since we are testing the significant effect of two variables, we

will use Regression Analysis.
Regression Analysis
4. Calculate test statistic or p-value.
Regression Analysis
5. Make Statistical Decision (Using the p-value approach)
If 𝑝 − 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒 ≤ 𝛼, reject Ho, otherwise failed to reject Ho.
Since in this
example, 0.0038 < 0.05, we
reject Ho.
Regression Analysis
6. Drawing Conclusion
There is sufficient evidence to conclude that there is a
significant effect between age and total cholesterol
HYPOTHESIS
TESTING
Example 1
The data on the file Rentals.sav (illustrated
on the right) represent the daily rental for a
compact automobile charged by two car
rental companies, Rentahanan and
KimRentals, in ten randomly selected
barangays in Lipa City.
a. What is the most appropriate chart or graph to use to obtain an overview of the
data?
Create a histogram for the daily rental for the two car rental companies,
Rentahanan and KimRentals.
Example 1
a. Create a histogram for the daily rental for the two car rental companies,
To create histograms, click on Analyze.
Example 1
Select Descriptive Statistics then click on
Frequencies.
Example 1
Frequencies.
Include the needed data on the section
Variable(s) by clicking the arrow in the
middle.
Example 1
Frequencies.
middle.
Choose Charts.
Example 1
Select Histograms.
You also have the option to “Show
normal curve on histogram”
Click Continue.
Example 1
Select Histograms.
You also have the option to “Show
normal curve on histogram”
Click Continue.
Then OK.
Example 1
After clicking OK, this window will appear where you can copy the needed
outputs.
Example 1
Example 1
The data on the file Rentals.sav (illustrated
on the right) represent the daily rental for a
compact automobile charged by two car
rental companies, Rentahanan and
KimRentals, in ten randomly selected
barangays in Lipa City.
b. Test whether Rentahanan is less expensive than KimRentals at 𝛼 = 0.05 level

of significance. Note that the data is approximately normally distributed with no
significant outliers.
Example 1
Null hypothesis:
𝐻𝑜 ∶ 𝜇1 ≥ 𝜇2
The daily rental for compact automobile charged by Rentahanan is as
expensive or more expensive than the daily rental charged by KimRentals.
𝐻𝑎 ∶ 𝜇1 < 𝜇2
The daily rental for compact automobile charged by Rentahanan is less
expensive than the daily rental charged by KimRentals.
Example 1
We set 𝛼 = 0.05.

Dependent variable: daily rental
Independent variable: two rental companies (Rentahanan & KimRentals)
Since we are comparing the means of two related groups, we will use the
dependent sample t-test.
Example 1
To generate the needed values, click Analyze, select Compare Means and
Proportion, and Paired-Samples T Test.
Example 1
By clicking the arrow in the middle,
include the needed data on the section
Paired Variables.
Example 1
include the needed data on the section
Paired Variables.
Click on Options to set the appropriate
confidence interval percentage (CIP).
This percentage is computed as
𝐶𝐼𝑃 = 100 − 𝛼
Example 1
In this example, the set 𝛼 = 0.05.
Hence the CIP is
𝐶𝐼𝑃 = 100 − 𝛼
𝐶𝐼𝑃 = 100 − 5
𝐶𝐼𝑃 = 95
Click Continue, then OK.
Example 1
outputs.
Example 1
If 𝑝 − 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒 ≤ 𝛼, reject 𝐻𝑜 , otherwise fail to reject 𝐻𝑜 .
In this example, since 0.336 > 0.05, we fail to reject 𝐻𝑜 .

Example 1
There is no sufficient evidence to say that the daily rental for compact
automobile charged by Rentahanan is less expensive than the daily rental charged
by KimRentals.
Example 2
23 randomly selected individuals who live in Lipa City
were asked their sex (male or female), age, and marital status
(single, married, or divorced). They were then asked to
answer a 65-point math exercise and their scores are
recorded.
a. What is the most appropriate chart or graph to use if we

want to show the division of the marital status of the 23
randomly selected individuals?
Example 2
a. To construct the pie chart for the variable “marital status”
Click on Analyze.
Example 2
Click on Analyze.
Select Descriptive Statistics and click on
Frequencies.
Example 2
Click on Analyze.
Frequencies.
middle.
Example 2
Click on Analyze.
Frequencies.
middle.
Choose Charts.
Example 2
Select Pie Charts.
You have the option to include
Frequencies or Percentages in the chart.
Then Continue.
Example 2
Select Pie Charts.
You have the option to include
Frequencies or Percentages in the chart.
Then Continue.
Click OK.
Example 2
outputs.
Example 2
Double click the pie chart to edit the values being displayed.
In the chart editor window,
select elements and click on
show data labels to display the
percentage for each sector of
the pie chart.
Example 2
The pie chart below represents the marital status of the 23 randomly selected
individuals who live in Lipa City.
Example 2
recorded.
b. Is there a significant difference between the mathematics

scores of male and female individuals who live in Lipa City?
(Set 𝛼 = 0.01) Note that the data is approximately normally
distributed with no significant outliers.
Example 2
Null hypothesis:
𝐻𝑜 ∶ 𝜇1 = 𝜇2
There is no significant difference between the mathematics scores of
male and female individuals who live in Lipa City.
𝐻𝑎 ∶ 𝜇1 ≠ 𝜇2
There is a significant difference between the mathematics scores of male
and female individuals who live in Lipa City.
Example 2
We set 𝛼 = 0.01.

Dependent variable: mathematics scores
Independent variable: sex (male and female)
Since we are comparing the means of two independent groups, we will

use the independent sample t-test.
Example 2
Before we proceed to step 4, check first if the variances are equal or not.
On the Analyze tab, select Compare Means and Proportions, and
click One-Way ANOVA.
Example 2
include the needed data on the section on
Dependent List and Factor.
Example 2
Click on Options.
Example 2
Click on Options.
Select Homogeneity of Variance Test
then indicate the appropriate confidence
interval level (100 − 𝛼) .
Example 2
In Tests of Homogeneity of Variances, if 𝑝 − 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒 ≤ 𝛼, reject 𝐻𝑜 ,
otherwise failed to reject 𝐻𝑜 .

In this example, since 0.317 > 0.01, we failed to reject 𝐻𝑜 .

It means that there is homogeneity of variance in between the
mathematics scores of the randomly selected male and female individuals who
live in Lipa City.
Example 2
Click Analyze, select Compare Means and Proportion, and Independent
Samples T Test.
Example 2
Samples T Test.
Test Variable(s) and Grouping Variable.
Example 2
Samples T Test.
Test Variable(s) and Grouping Variable.
Click Options.
Example 2
Input the correct CIP.
In this example, the set 𝛼 = 0.01.
Hence the CIP is
𝐶𝐼𝑃 = 100 − 𝛼
𝐶𝐼𝑃 = 100 − 1
𝐶𝐼𝑃 = 99
Example 2
outputs.
Example 2

Example 2
There is no enough evidence to support that there is a significant
difference between the mathematics scores of male and female individuals who
live in Lipa City.
Example 3
recorded.
a. Summarize the given data using numerical summaries
scores of single, married, and divorced individuals who live
in Lipa City? (Set 𝛼 = 0.01 ) Note that the data is
approximately normally distributed with no significant
outliers.
Example 3
To solve sub-items a and b
Click on Analyze.
Example 3
Click on Analyze.
Select Compare Means and Proportion
and click on One-way ANOVA.
Example 3
Click on Analyze.
middle.
Example 3
Click on Analyze.
middle.
Click Options.
Example 3
Select the needed statistics.
Input the appropriate confidence interval
level.
Example 3
outputs.
Example 3
a. Summarize the given data using numerical summaries.
The needed numerical summaries are presented below.
Example 3
recorded.

scores of single, married, and divorced individuals who live
in Lipa City? (Set 𝛼 = 0.01 ) Note that the data is
approximately normally distributed with no significant
outliers.
Example 3
Null hypothesis:
𝐻𝑜 ∶ 𝜇1 = 𝜇2 = 𝜇3
There is no significant difference between the mathematics scores of
single, married, and divorced individuals who live in Lipa City.
𝐻𝑎 ∶ at least one of the means is different from the others
There is a significant difference between the mathematics scores of
single, married, and divorced individuals who live in Lipa City.
Example 3
We set 𝛼 = 0.01.

Dependent variable: mathematics scores
Independent variable: marital status (single, married, divorced)
Since we are comparing the means of one independent variable that

consist of two or more categorical groups, we will use the one-way ANOVA.
Example 3
In Tests of Homogeneity of Variances, if 𝑝 − 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒 ≤ 𝛼, reject 𝐻𝑜 , otherwise
failed to reject 𝐻𝑜 .

In this example, since 0.588 > 0.05, we failed to reject 𝐻𝑜 .

It means that there is homogeneity of variance in between the
mathematics scores of the randomly selected single, married, and divorced
Example 3
Using the steps performed earlier, these values were already generated earlier.
Example 3

Example 3
There is no enough evidence to support that there is a significant
difference between the mathematics scores of single, married, and divorced
Example 4
A survey of employees is conducted. Each employee
provides the following information: Salary (SALARY),
Years of Service (YOS), Sex (SEX), Job Classification
(CLASSIFY), and Education Level (EDUC). Determine the
value of the Pearson correlation coefficient for the
relationship between salary and years of education. Is there a
significant relationship between the two variables? (Set 𝛼 =
0.01)
Example 4
Null hypothesis:
There is no significant relationship between salary and years of
education.
There is a significant relationship between salary and years of education.
Example 4
We set 𝛼 = 0.01.

Dependent variable: salary
Independent variable: years of education
Since we are testing the significant relationship of two variables, we will

use Pearson r.
Example 4
Click Analyze, select Correlate, and Bivariate.
Example 4
Variables.
Example 4
Variables.
Click OK.
Example 4
outputs.
Example 4
In this example, since 0.009 < 0.01,

we reject 𝐻𝑜 .
Example 4
There is sufficient evidence to support that there is a significant
relationship between salary and years of education.
Example 5
The following data represent commute times (in
minutes) and a score on a well-being survey. . Test
whether a causation relation exists between commute time
and well-being index composite score at the 𝛼 = 0.05
level of significance.
Example 5
Null hypothesis:
There is no causation relationship between commute time and well-
being index composite score.
There is a causation relationship between commute time and well-being
index composite score.
Example 5
We set 𝛼 = 0.05.

Dependent variable: commute time
Independent variable: index score
Since we are testing the causation relationship of two variables, we will

use Regression Analysis.
Example 5
Click Analyze, select Regression, and Linear.
Example 5
Dependent and Block 1 of 1 (independent)
Example 5
Dependent and Block 1 of 1 (independent)
Click OK.
Example 5
outputs.
Example 5
In this example,
since p − value < 0.001 < 0.05,
we reject 𝐻𝑜 .
Example 5
There is sufficient evidence to support that there is a causation
relationship between commute time and well-being index composite score.
Practice Exercise
1. The data on the right represent the muzzle velocity (measured in feet per
second) of rounds fired from a 155-mm gun. For each round, two measurements
of the velocity were recorded using two different measuring devices. Is there a
difference in the measurement of the muzzle velocity between device A and
device B at the 𝛼=0.01 level of significance? Note: The data set is approximately
normally distributed with no outliers.

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QUIZ STS REVIEWER

For numbers 1-5: For items 6-10:

4. To verify if first born children tend to be

C. There is no significant difference between

A. f-test b. Pearson r c. ANOVA d.

9. If p-value is 0.005, what is the correct deco?

10 The correct conclusion for the problem is?

A. There is enough evidence to say the claim is false

B. There is enough evidence to say the claim is true

C. There is no enough evidence to say the clam is false

D. There is no enough evidence to say the claim is true

13. The r-value is -0.88 and car be interpreted as

A. direct and substantial relationship

B. inverse and substantial relationship

C. direct and marked relationship

D. inverse and marked relationship

Distinguish between Independent and Dependent Sample

1. An urban economist believes that commute times to work in the South

2. In an experiment conducted in biology class, Prof. Jeniper measured the

3. A researcher wants to know if the mean length of stay in for-profit

Alternative Hypothesis: 𝐻𝑎 ∶ 𝜇1 < 𝜇2

3. Determine the test distribution to use.

Since we are comparing the means of two related groups, we will

In this example, since

3. Determine the test distribution to use.

Since we are comparing the means of two independent groups, we

In this example, since

In this example, since

3. Determine the test distribution to use.

Since we are comparing the means of one independent variable

In this example, since

Ho: There is no significant relationship between two continuous variables.

IMPORTANT NOTE: Correlation does not imply causation.

Less than 0.20 Almost negligible relationship

0.20-0.40 Definite but small relationship

0.40-0.70 Substantial relationship

0.70-0.90 Marked relationship

0.90-1.00 Very dependable relationship

3. Determine the test distribution to use.

Since we are testing the significant relationship of two variables,

In this example 0.000000267 < 0.05, we reject Ho.

3. Determine the test distribution to use.

Since we are testing the significant effect of two variables, we

b. Test whether Rentahanan is less expensive than KimRentals at 𝛼 = 0.05 level

3. Determine the test distribution to use.

In this example, since 0.336 > 0.05, we fail to reject 𝐻𝑜 .

a. What is the most appropriate chart or graph to use if we

b. Is there a significant difference between the mathematics

3. Determine the test distribution to use.

Since we are comparing the means of two independent groups, we will

𝐻𝑜 : Equal Variances assumed

In this example, since 0.317 > 0.01, we failed to reject 𝐻𝑜 .

In this example, since 0.443 > 0.01, we fail to reject 𝐻𝑜 .

b. Is there a significant difference between the mathematics

3. Determine the test distribution to use.

Since we are comparing the means of one independent variable that

𝐻𝑜 : Equal Variances assumed

In this example, since 0.588 > 0.05, we failed to reject 𝐻𝑜 .

In this example, since 0.823 > 0.01, we fail to reject 𝐻𝑜 .

3. Determine the test distribution to use.

Since we are testing the significant relationship of two variables, we will

In this example, since 0.009 < 0.01,

3. Determine the test distribution to use.