PARAMETRIC TEST

Statistical Treatment:

For the purpose of analysis and interpretation, the data gathered were coded, tallied and tabulated

subjected to the following statistical treatment:

1. Frequency and Percentage

The frequency and distributions were used to categorize the respondents according to their

demographic profile variables such as year-level, age, sex, and general average in mathematics in

the first part of the questionnaire.

2. Weighted Mean

Another technique used by the researchers in the study was the weighted mean. This was used in

order to obtain the average responses of the respondents’ level of frequency on their study habits in

mathematics.

3. Standard Deviation

Standard deviation is a measure of variability that is commonly used in parametric statistical tests. It

measures the dispersion of data around the mean and assumes that the data are normally

distributed.

4. Pearson r Correlation Analysis

Pearson r Correlation has been widely used in statistics to measure the relationship between the

linear related variables. This was used to determine the significant relationship between the two

variables of the study which are the study habits in mathematics and academic performance of

students. The researchers used the SPSS or the Statistical Treatment for Social Sciences to analyze

and interpret the data. With the use of this treatment, the researchers were able to determine if the

two variables had a significant correlation and make the decision to reject the null hypothesis.
 5. Independent Sample T-Test.

The Independent Sample T-Test is a statistical technique that is used to analyze the mean

comparison of two independent groups. It will be employed in this study to see if there is a substantial

difference in the respondents' non-intellective factors (self-esteem, self-efficacy, intrinsic motivation,

extrinsic motivation, time management, family relationship, fellow student relationship, and teacher

relationship when grouped according to profile.

6. One-Way ANOVA

One-Way ANOVA compares the means of three or more groups and determines whether any of those

means are statistically significantly different from each other. It will be employed in this study to see if

there is a substantial difference in the respondents' study habits in mathematics when they are

grouped according to their year level, and grades. The researchers used the SPSS or the Statistical

Package for Social Sciences in order to test the hypothesis and interpret the data.

NON - PARAMETRIC TEST

Statistical Treatment:

For the purpose of analysis and interpretation, the data gathered were coded, tallied and tabulated

subjected to the following statistical treatment:

1. Median and Interquartile Range (IQR)

The researchers utilized the median and interquartile range, which are non-parametric measures of

central tendency and variability, in their analysis. Non-parametric tests are statistical methods that do

not make any assumptions about the distribution of the data under examination. For instance, when

analyzing Likert scale data, which is typically ordinal, mean and standard deviation may not be the
most appropriate measures of central tendency and variability. In such cases, median and

interquartile range (IQR) are more suitable measures as they account for the ordinal nature of the

data. Therefore, the use of median and IQR in this context is a valuable approach for analyzing non-

parametric data like Likert scale responses.

2. Spearman rank Correlation Analysis

The Spearman rank correlation coefficient, also known as Spearman's rho, is a nonparametric

measure of the strength and direction of the relationship between two variables. Unlike the Pearson r

Correlation, the Spearman rank correlation does not assume that the data are normally distributed or

that the relationship between the variables is linear. It is often used when dealing with ordinal or non-

normally distributed data, and can be more appropriate than Pearson's correlation in such cases.

3. Mann-Whitney U Test

The researchers conducted a Mann-Whitney U test to examine the significant difference in the

academic performance of high school students when grouped according to profile. The Mann-

Whitney U test is a nonparametric test used to compare the medians of two independent groups,

making it suitable for analyzing data that do not meet the assumptions of normality and homogeneity

of variances. The researchers employed the open-source software R version 4.0.5 in order to test the

number hypothesis and interpret the data.

4. Kruskal-Wallis H Test

The researchers used Kruskal Wallis test to determine the significant difference on the IT skills

and knowledge relevant in the workplace during accounting training period of the Polytechnic

University of the Philippines accountancy students when grouped according to mode of internship.

The Kruskal Wallis test is a nonparametric test used to determine whether there are significant

differences in the medians of three or more independent groups. It is used as an alternative to the
one-way ANOVA test when the assumptions of normality and homogeneity of variances are not met.

The researchers used the Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) version 26 in order to test

the number two hypothesis and interpret the data.

5. Wilcoxon Signed Rank Test

The researchers used Wilcoxon Signed Rank Test to determine the significant difference on

the IT skills and knowledge between prior and during internship of the Polytechnic University of the

Philippines accountancy students. The Wilcoxon Signed Ranks Test is a non-parametric test that is

used to determine whether there is a significant difference between two related samples. Since the IT

skills and knowledge scores were obtained from the same group of students before and during their

internship, the Wilcoxon Signed Ranks Test is the appropriate statistical test to use. The researchers

used the Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) version 26 in order to test the number one

hypothesis and interpret the data.

6. Gamma Correlation Analysis

The researchers used the gamma correlation coefficient to measure the strength and direction of

the relationship between the number of hours spent studying per week and the final grades of

undergraduate students. The gamma coefficient is a non-parametric measure of association between

two ordinal variables, or nominal to ordinal variables, which means it is appropriate when the

variables are not normally distributed. The researchers used the software package SPSS version 27

to calculate the gamma coefficient and determine its statistical significance.