AWARENESS:

Activity: ACRONAME IT!

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 ANALYSIS:

a. How important is conducting research to

various fields?
b. If you were to compare research to a certain
thing, what is it? Why?
VARIABLES

• is any factor or property that a researcher measure,

controls, and/or manipulates

• a changing quantity or measure of any factor, trait, or

condition that can exist in differing amounts or types
(“something that varies”)

• also called a data item

VARIABLES

• weight occupation • birth order

height • temperature types of
anxiety blood group
levels humidity
• income • language
physical food
social • fashion
• religion gender
1. Numeric Variables
-describe a measurable numerical quantity
-considered as quantitative data

Examples:
time height temperature age

population of students
number of teachers
2. Categorical Variables
-describe a quality or characteristic of a data unit
“which type”“which category”

Examples:
Clothing size such as S,M,L
Eye color, religion
Gender (male and female)
3. Experimental Variables
a. Independent Variable
It is a variable that stands alone and isn't
changed by the other variables you are trying to
measure.

The independent variable is the cause. Its value

is independent of other variables in your study.
3. Experimental Variables
b. Dependent Variable

is the variable that is affected by the

independent variable

The dependent variable is the effect. Its

value depends on changes in the independent
variable.
 FORMULA:
(Independent variable) causes a change in
(Dependent Variable) and it isn't possible that
(Dependent Variable) could cause a change in
(Independent Variable).

(Time Spent Sleeping the night before a test) causes

a change in (Test Score) and it isn't possible that (Test
Score) could cause a change in (Time Spent Sleeping
a night before the exam).
Research Question:
• Do tomatoes grow fastest under fluorescent,
incandescent, or natural light?

Independent Variable:
Type of light

Dependent Variable:
Growth of tomato
The type of light affects the growth of tomatoes.
Research Question:
• What is the effect of diet and regular soda on
blood sugar levels?

Independent Variable:
Type of soda (diet or regular)

Dependent Variable:
Blood sugar level

The type of soda affects the blood sugar level.

Research Question:
• How does phone use before bedtime affect sleep?

Independent Variable:
The amount of phone use before bed

Dependent Variable:
Quality of sleep; number of hours of sleep

Using a phone before bed affects the quality of

sleep.
Research Title:
• The Impact of using Multimedia on Students’
Academic Achievement in CREST SHS.

Independent Variable:
Use of Multimedia

Dependent Variable:
Students’ Academic Achievement

Students’ Academic Achievement is affected by the

use of Multimedia
 THE RESEARCH TITLE
• should summarize the main idea of the
paper
• should be a concise statement of the
main topic
• should include major variables
• should be definite and clear
 THE RESEARCH TITLE
examples:

• Frequency of Tardiness and Level of Support of Parents Among High

School Students in Selected Public Schools

• Testing the Efficient Market Hypothesis on the Philippine Peso-Dollar

Rates

• Effects of Peer Pressure on the Habit-forming Behavior of Honor Students

• Homework, Reading Ability, and Exercises in Accounting: Their Influences

on Outcomes in Bookkeeping
 THE RESEARCH TITLE

Research Title:
Effects of Peer Pressure on the Habit-forming
Behavior of Honor Students

Statement of the Problem:

The researcher aims to determine the effects
of peer pressure on the habit-forming
behavior of honor students.
 THE RESEARCH TITLE

Research Title:
Frequency of Tardiness and Level of Support of
Parents Among High School Students in Selected
Public Schools

Statement of the Problem:

The researcher aims to determine the relationship
of frequency of tardiness and level of support of
parents in selected public schools.
 THE RESEARCH TITLE
Study Habits: Its Influence On The Level of
Achievement of Senior High School Students

Statement of the Problem:

The researcher aims to determine the
influence of study habits on the level of
achievement of Senior High School
Students.
 THE RESEARCH TITLE

Peer Tutoring: Its Effects on Reading Fluency

of Senior High School Students

Statement of the Problem:

The researcher aims to determine the effects
of peer tutoring on reading fluency of
Senior High School Student.
 RESEARCH PROBLEM
Sources of Research Problems

Research problems may exist in various settings

such as schools, houses, restaurants, clinics or
any place in the community.

-school
-family
-community
-government
 RESEARCH PROBLEM
1. Personal Life
-lack of parent support
2. School
-tardiness
3. Community
-lack of budget for Youth Activities
4. Government
-procurement of overpriced medical supplies for
COVID-19
 STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM
• helps the researcher clarify various essential
elements of research such as the major variables,
the general and specific objectives, and the
appropriate methodology
 STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM
Research Title:
Peer Tutoring: Its Effects on Reading Fluency of
Senior High School Students

Statement of the Problem:

The study aimed to determine peer tutoring and
its effects on reading fluency of Grade 11
students of CREST SHS.
 RESEARCH QUESTIONS
1. Non-Researchable Questions
-are questions of value , answerable by YES or NO

Examples:
2. Do all Grade 11 students eat breakfast before
attending their morning class?
3. Should Senior High Students taking ABM be
good in Mathematics?
 RESEARCH QUESTIONS
2. Researchable Questions
-are questions of value , opinions or policy
raised to gather data

-use Who, What, When, Where, Why, How

 RESEARCH QUESTIONS
Researchable Questions

Examples:
1. What is the profile of the students in terms of:
1.1 age;
1.2 gender;
1.3 grade and strand; and
1.4 health condition?
2. How do study habits influence the level of
achievement of Grade 12 students in English
subject?

3. What are the effects of online learning on the

level of performance of Senior High School
students?
1. RESEARCH TITLE
2. STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM
General Problem – restate the Research Title
Specific Problem – Research Questions
Peer Tutoring: Its Effects on Reading Fluency of
Senior High School Students
The study aims to determine peer tutoring and its effects on
reading fluency of Grade 11 students of CREST SHS.

Specifically, the researcher seeks to answer the following

questions:

1. How may peer tutoring be described as a strategy in

reading?
2. What is the level of reading fluency of Grade 11 students of
CREST SHS?
3. Does peer tutoring have significant effect on reading
fluency?
 THE RESEARCH TITLE
examples:

• Frequency of Tardiness and Level of Support of Parents Among High

School Students in Selected Public Schools

• Testing the Efficient Market Hypothesis on the Philippine Peso-Dollar

Rates

• Effects of Peer Pressure on the Habit-forming Behavior of Honor Students

• Homework, Reading Ability, and Exercises in Accounting: Their Influences

on Outcomes in Bookkeeping
PRACTICAL RESEARCH
2
WEEK 4
 ANALYSIS

ACTIVITY: ESSENTIAL QUESTIONS

Guided Questions:
What is the importance of Scope and Delimitation in a
study?

What do you think are the things you need to consider

in writing your review related literature?
 THE SCOPE AND DELIMITATION AND
SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY
Scope
-is determined by the major variables of the
study

Delimitation
-sub-variables and their characteristics,
attributes, or indicators
 Let’s Practice
Research Title:
Study Habits: Its Influence On The Level of Achievement of Senior High School
Students

MAJOR VARIABLES SUB VARIABLES INDICATORS

Study Habits schedule The student studies every
night.

The student studies at

dawn
Level of Achievement NAT Above Average
Periodical Exams Average
Below Average
Senior High School Grade 11 Students with general
Students average of 80
 Let’s Practice
Research Title:
Peer Tutoring: Its Effects on Reading Fluency of Senior High School Students
MAJOR VARIABLES SUB VARIABLES INDICATORS
 Research Title: Peer Tutoring: Its Effects on Reading Fluency of Senior High
School Students

MAJOR VARIABLES SUB VARIABLES INDICATORS

Peer Tutoring by pair Student prefers to study by
by triad pair.
group of 4,5.. Student prefers to study in a
triad.
Student prefers to study in a
large group.
Reading Fluency Reading The student can identify the
Comprehension main idea.
The student can predict
outcomes.
Story Analysis

Senior High School Grade 11 students Students with 85-90 grade in

Students English

Students with 80-85 grade in

English
 BENEFICIARIES BENEFITS RECEIVED FROM THE RESULT OF THE STUDY
School The findings of the study would place the school in one of the top
performing schools among the elementary schools in the division.
Teachers The result of the study will reveal the factors that affect the
academic performance of the grade six learners in Mathematics.
Under this study and such, they could look for ways on how to
improve the performance of the learners.
School The findings of the study would give the
Administrators administrators the idea on what interventions they could make on
the subject. The
results would also encourage them to uphold the morale of the
learners, teachers,
and other stakeholders.
 Let’s Practice
TERMS OPERATIONAL DEFINITION
Academic This alludes to the result of instruction – the degree to which a
Performance learner, teacher or institution has accomplished their instructive
objectives.
Factors This refers to the conditions/situations relative to school
administrators, teachers, family, learning environment and learners
which affected
the achievement profile of the grade six learners in Mathematics.
Proposed Paradigm of the Study