Mathematics I

Pharmaceutical
Engineering

MATH 102
Lecture 15

Dr. Phoebe Edward Nashed

 Lecture 6 - Outline
 Definition of a Matrix
 Matrix operations
 Addition
 Multiplication by a scalar
 Subtraction
 Special operations
 Multiplication

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 Matrices
 A matrix is a rectangular array of numbers.
 An matrix has rows and columns.

 Dimensions: the number of rows and columns of a matrix is called

the matrix dimensions.
 Entries: the elements of a matrix are called the entries of this
matrix.

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 Row Matrix, Column Matrix, and
Square Matrix
 A matrix with a single row () is called a row matrix, or row vector.

 A matrix with a single column () is called a column matrix or column

vector.

 A matrix with the same number of rows as columns () is called a

square matrix.

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 Special Matrices
 The Zero matrix is a matrix whose entries are all zeros

 The Identity matrix is a square matrix which has 1s on its diagonal

and 0s everywhere else
,,

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 Equality of Matrices
 If A and B are 2 matrices of the same size, then they are equal if
each and every entry of one matrix equals the corresponding entry
of the other.
 If A and B are equal and are given as follows
,
then we know that:

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 Matrix Operations: Addition
 If and are 2 matrices of the same size, then their sum is a matrix ,
whose entries are the sums of the corresponding entries of and .
,

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 Matrix Operations: Multiplication by
a scalar
 If is a matrix and is a scalar, then the product is a matrix whose
entries are obtained by multiplying each of the entries of by .
,

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 Matrix Operations: Subtraction
 If and are 2 matrices having the same dimensions, then is defined
as the sum .
,

 Note that and

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 Exercise 1
 Given matrices and as follows, find the matrix
,,
 Solution:

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 Exercise 2
 Find the values of and by solving the following matrix equation

Solution:

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 Matrix Transposition
 If is an matrix, then the transpose of is the matrix whose first
column is the first row of , whose second column is the second row
of and so on...
,
 Properties of matrix transpose: Let and be matrices of suitable
sizes, then:

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 Special Matrix Transpositions
 If is a square matrix, then we can call it symmetric if

 If is a square matrix, then we can call it skew–symmetric if

Example:

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 Matrix Operations: Multiplication
 For a product of 2 matrices to be defined, the number of columns of
must be equal to the number of rows of .

 For example, matrices and have inner dimensions that agree, thus,
we can multiply getting a matrix
 Example:
,,
 AB, BA, BC, and CA are defined (as their inner dimensions agree),
but AC and CB are not defined (as their inner dimensions do not
agree)
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 Exercise 3
 Find the product matrix , given
,

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 Exercise 3 – Sol.
 Since has dimensions and has dimensions , their inner dimensions
agree and their product would have dimensions
,

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 Exercise 3 – Sol.
 Since has dimensions and has dimensions , their inner dimensions
agree and their product would have dimensions
,

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 Exercise 3 – Sol.
 Since has dimensions and has dimensions , their inner dimensions
agree and their product would have dimensions
,

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 Exercise 3 – Sol.
 Since has dimensions and has dimensions , their inner dimensions
agree and their product would have dimensions
,

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 Exercise 4
 Show that , but , given

 Solution:

Therefore, although

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 Matrix Multiplication - Properties
 Matrix multiplication is non–commutative (order of multiplication
matters).
 i.e.
 Sometimes, the product exists, but does not exist
 Even if both products, and exist, they are generally not the same

 Matrix multiplication is associative

 Matrix multiplication follows the distributive law

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 Matrix Multiplication - Properties
 Matrix multiplication by the identity matrix gives the original matrix
and
 Matrix multiplication by the zero matrix gives zero
and

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 Matrix Operations: Multiplication
Remarks
 If andare square matrices of the same size and , then does not
necessarily mean that
 does not necessarily imply that either A or B is zero (can you think
of such an example?)

 Example:
,

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 Trace of a Square Matrix
 If A is a square matrix, then the trace of is the sum of the entries
of its main diagonal
 For example, for the matrix

 Trace Properties:

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 Exercise 5
 Given matrices and , show that the rule
,
 Solution:

Then finding the addition of and its trace:

Therefore,

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Thank You 

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