FORMATION GROUP 5

Third Stage / Morning study

EVALUATION LAB. 1. Mojtaba Ameen Sami
CALCULATION OF 2. Hussein Karim Abdul Reda
POROSITY 3. Jaafar Salah Rahim
BY USING INTERACTIVE 4. Kathm Tariq Jawad
PETROPHYSICS 5. Ali Fadel Hindi
SOFTWARE IP
 OUTLIN
• Procedure
E
• Introduction
• Porosity calculation in IP :
• Density porosity
• Sonic Porosity
• Neutron Porosity
• Effective Porosity
PROCEDURE
INTRODUCTION
Total porosity is defined as the fraction of the bulk rock volume V that
is not occupied by solid matter. If the volume of solids is denoted by Vs,
and the pore volume as Vp = V - Vs, we can write the porosity as:

The porosity can be expressed either as a fraction or as a percentage. Two out

of the three terms are required to calculate porosity. It should be noted that
the porosity does not give any information concerning pore sizes, their
distribution, and their degree of connectivity. Thus, rocks of the same
porosity can have widely different physical properties. An example of this
might be a carbonate rock and a sandstone. Each could have a porosity of
0.2, but carbonate pores are often very unconnected resulting in its
permeability being much lower than that of the sandstone.
POROSITY CALCULATION IN IP :
DENSITY POROSITY
Density logs are primarily used as porosity logs. Other uses include :
 identification of minerals in evaporate deposits
 detection of gas, determination of hydrocarbon density
 evaluation of shally sands and complex lithology
 calculation of overburden pressure and rock mechanical properties.
Principle : A radioactive source, applied to the borehole wall in a shielded sidewall skid, emits medium-energy gamma rays into the
formations. These gamma rays collide with the electrons in the formation. At each collision a gamma ray loses some of its energy to
the electrons and continuous diminished energy. This type of interaction is known as Compton scattering. The scattered gamma rays
reaching the detector, at a fixed distance from the source, are counted as an indication of formation density
Photoelectric Absorption (Pe) The Litho-Density is an improved and expanded version of the FDC log. In addition to the bulk
density measurement, the tool also measures the photoelectric absorption index of the formation, Pe. Photoelectric absorption can be
related to lithology. It is a very lithology-sensitive parameter, and it can be used to establish whether a formation is sand, limestone,
dolomite, or a mixture.
 INTERPRETATIO
N
Zone 1
When the Density is high that means it’s a tight zone and the
porosity should be low generally, So in zone (1) the porosity is Zone 2
good due to medium dens It is the same at point 2

At zone (3) its get higher until it reach the bottom of zone 3 Zone 3
which is the lowest porosity due to the high density, the
porosity is low

Zone 4
At zone (4) because of the low density, the porosity is very
high, At zone (5) the porosity is regular and good.
Zone 5
 NEWTRON POROSITY
• Neutron log The neutron log is a pore log that measures the hydrogen ion concentration in the
formation. This probe measures the total porosity of the formation, as well as calculates the
porosity directly without the need for an equation. Mathematics A radioactive source is used,
which releases neutrons with high energy into the layer. These neutrons lose their energy and
slow down their movement if they collide with atoms of equal size and mass, such as hydrogen
atoms.

• The neutron is devoid of units because it is a percentage.

• Water and oil contain almost the same percentage of hydrogen, so the device cannot distinguish
between them, while it can distinguish gas that contains a lower percentage of hydrogen, and the
reading in the gas is low, and it is called low neutron porosity
We notice at a depth of 3200 the readings are high for a neutron, and this, and
from the observation of the density sensor, we notice that the area is a shell

We notice at a depth of 3200 the readings are high for a neutron, and this, and
from the observation of the density sensor, we notice that the area is a sheal

At a depth of 3250, this area is gaseous because the hydrogen ion

concentration is high

As for the depth of 3300, it will be an oil area

Either at a depth of 3400, the area is water or oil At a depth of 3250, this area
is gaseous because the hydrogen ion concentration is high

As for the depth of 3300, it will be an oil area

Either at a depth of 3400, the area is water or oil

 SONIC POROSITY
• Sonic log The acoustic probe and the porosity probe measure the transition interval (At)
Interval Transit Time of a piezoacoustic wave traveling through one foot of the formation,
which is the inverse of the velocity. The relationship between the speed of the sound wave
and the density of the rock: Rock density and sound wave velocity are inversely proportional
to wave time and porosity rocks

• device consists of one or more sound transmitters (Sound Transmitters) and two or more
receivers (Receivers). The transmitter device contains a transducer that generates sound
pulses. Sound waves travel in all directions inside the well. part of these waves It travels
through the formation and is refracted back into the well and received by the capture devices
The first case is when the wave transmission time is high. This means that
the formation has high and therefore low porosity
We can notice the depths of low porosity are 3225 to 3235 and 3325 to 3355
Etc.

th second case When the transmission time of the wave is low, therefore, the
formation density is lo3275w and the porosity is high. The areas of high
porosity are from to 3300, and from 3175 to 3230, etc.