Public spaces

What are these places

Culture and public spaces
• Neighborhood
• Barangays
• Social spaces-??
Private places
• Family
• Kinship
• URBANIZATION
• MEANING & DEFINITION,
• CHARACTERISTICS
• IMPLICATIONS
• GEOGRAPHIC
• DEMOGRAPHIC
• SOCIAL
• ECONOMIC
• ETC
Distinguish from…
• "Urban",
• "Urbanism" and
• "Urbanize"
• The word Urban generally is referred in terms of demographic
attributes (size and/or density) or economic variables (the prevalence
of non- agricultural occupation).
• In its demographic sense, Urban is usually considered as
agglomerations of a given size.
• URBANIZE :
• The term urbanize means to convert what is non- urban into Urban.
• The term urbanization implies to the movement of people to urban
areas.
Migration
• IN/OUT
• theories
Migration health (MigH)
• Health-a state of complete physical, social and mental well being, not
just the absence of disease/infirmity (WHO)
• MigH-looks into or addresses the health condition of the mobile
population/migrants.
• and this is correlated to other generalized/broader social
determinants of health (SDH) and,
• the unequal distribution of these determinants.
• social determinants of health (SDH) are the non-medical factors that
influence health outcomes.
• They are the conditions in which people are born, grow, work, live,
and age, and the wider set of forces and systems shaping the
conditions of daily life.
Social determinants of health (SDH)
• These forces and systems include:
• economic policies and systems,
• development agendas,
• social norms,
• social policies and
• political systems.

• https://www.who.int/health-topics/social-determinants-of-health#tab=tab_1.retrieved Nov 2, 2021.

• can you identify specific indicators for these social determinants of
health?
• Can you give some examples?
REASONS for migration:
• Globalization
• pandemic,
• education
• discrimination,
• economic crises,
• political instability,
• conflicts and wars, crimes
• ethnic cleanings,
• social inequality, market economy,
Theories of migration

• Lee, Everette-push-pull theory

• Zelinsky, Wilbur-model of mobility transition
• Ravenstein, Ernst Georg-laws of migration
Everett Lee’s Push-Pull Model
 A theory of migration
(Everett S. Lee)
• Advantages vs disadvantages (encourages)
in the areas of origin vs destination
• Presence of Intervening variables has
indirect effect on migratory patterns
(hinders).

• Demography Vol.3 no. 1.1966.

Wilbur Zelinsky’s Theory of Migration/
Migration transition model(1960s or 70s)
• Phase one (“Premodern traditional society”):
• This is before the onset of the urbanization, and there is very little
migration.
• Natural increase rates are about zero.
• Phase two (“Early transitional society”):
• There is “massive movement from countryside to cities, as a
community experiences the process of modernization”.
• There is “rapid rate of natural increase”.
• Emigration is high
• Phase three (“Late transitional society”):
• This phase corresponds to the “critical rung...of the mobility transition”
where urban-to-urban migration surpasses the rural to urban
migration, rural-to-urban migration” continues
• Phase four
• (“Advanced society”):
• The “movement from countryside to city continues but is further
reduced in absolute and relative terms, vigorous movement of
migrants from city to city and within individual urban
agglomerations...especially within a highly elaborated lattice of major
and minor metropolises” is observed.
• There is “slight to moderate rate of natural increase or none at all”.
• Phase five
• (“Future super advanced society”):
• “Nearly all residential migration may be of the interurban and
intraurban variety.
• No plausible predictions of fertility behavior,
• a stable mortality pattern slightly below present levels
• Show pdf file (in desk top)
Wilbur Zelensky
Raveinstein’s Law of Migration
• British sociologist (1834-1913)
• Laws of Migrations:
1. Most migrants go only a short distance
1. Distance Decoy
2. Most migrants proceed step by step (Lee’s Model)
3. If they do move a long distance, they are more likely to travel to a big city
(Gravity Model)
Ernst Georg Raveinstein
4. Every migration flow produces a counterflow
1. Rural migrants move to city; city dwellers move to suburbs
5. Most migration is from rural to urban
6. Families are less likely to make international moves than
young adults
7. Most international migrants are young males
1. Changed with time; women comprise 40-60% of international
migrants (55% of US migrants)
• "Urbanization is

• characterized by movements of people from small communities concerned

chiefly or solely with agricultural to other communities generally larger,
whose activities are prionorily centered
• m Government, trade, manufacture, or allied interests
• Urbanization as a change in the pattern of
population distribution.
• It involves an increase in the relative size of
the Urban population, a growth in number and
size of Urban settlements or places and an
increasing concentration of the population in
such places
Urbanization in global perspective
1. Growth of cities
pre-conditions:
favorable physical environment
advanced technology
well developed social organization
2. Evolution:
pre-industrial cities
industrial cities
industrial
post-industrial
Evolution of societies
• Hunting and gathering
• Horticultural
• Pastural
• Agricultural
• Industrial
• Post industrial
Perspectives in the growth of
areas/sitios/towns/cities
1. Geographical

• Geographical niches-coastal, low lands, up-lands

2. Demographical-growth in population-from 5 families as defining size

of a community to homesteads to barangays, etc
Sociological perspectives on urbanization and
the growth of cities
• Symbolic perspective:
• Georg Simmel-urban life highly simulating, shapes peoples thoughts and
actions, quick pace of life, people become insensitive to events and
individuals around them.
• Louis Wirth (1938) –urbanism=way of life {alienation}
• Distinctive social and psychological patterns of life in the city
• Urban population (size, density, heterogeneity) results in division of labor, spatial
segregation of people
• Secondary relationship
• Social interaction is fragmented, impersonal and superficial
• Alienated, powerless and lonely
• From sense of community to mass-society
• Herbert Gans ( 1982/1962) on Urban Villagers [community in the city]
• opposed to Wirth
• Many develop strong loyalties and sense of community
• 5 adaptations:
• Cosmopolites: students, artist, entertainers, etc
• Un-married and childless couples: for work and entertainment
• Ethnic/rural dwellers-migrants, with sense of identity, strong bonds
• The trapped-urban dwellers no escape from city life
• Deprived-the poor
• Gender and city life
• Pwds and senior citizens
Conflict perspective
• Political economy models:
• Cities do not grow or decline by chance but is a product of the relationship
capitalist class and political elites
• Karl marx-class conflict and capital accumulation takes place in the cities
• Class consciousness and workers revolt most likely to happen when workers
are concentrated in urban geographical places
• Three themes of political economy models
• 1. economic and political factors affect patterns or urban growth and decline
• Economic factors-capital investments in production, workers, workplaces,
land, and buildings
• Political-refers to government protection on rights of privately own
companies and role of govt promoting business interest of elites and
corporations
• 2. exchange value (profit from buying, selling and developing urban
land) and use value utility of urban land, space and buildings for
individual and community life)

• Examples of exchange value: Industrialist, Developers, bankers, tax collectors

• Examples of use value: Affordable housing, open spaces, recreational places
and public services

• 3. structure and agency both important both important for

understanding urbanization.
• Structure=institutions
• Agency=human actors, developers, business elites, etc
Functionalist perspective: ecological models
• Robert park (1915) based his analysis of the cities on Human ecology-
study of the relationship between people and their physical
environment
• Economic competition leads to patterns of land use:
• 1. concentric zone model (Ernest W. Burgess (1925)
• 2. sector model
• 3. multiple nuclei model
• 4. peripheral model
ACTIVITIES:
• Act 1-define urbanism vs urbanization
• Act 2-urban traits/characteristic vs rural based on PSA-definition
• Act 3-creative presentation of the evolution of societies: hunting –
post industrial
• Act 4-book/chapter reporting, group with 2 members
• Act 5-ecological models
Classes of cities
• Highly Urbanized cities
• Independent component cities
• Component cities

• UPDATES on Philippines geographical delineations:

• regions , provinces,
• Municipalities, cities
Concepts and characteristics
1. Factors shaping:
environment
technology
social organization

2. Concepts of:
industrialization
westernization
globalization/modernation
• Urbanization (process) not same to

• urbanism (way or style of life), adaptation to the urban traits or

characteristics
Characteristics of urbanization:
Factors are;
• a) Mobility of population from agricultural to non
agricultural areas;
• b) Concentration of populace in a new place of habitation
or a place characterized by a new way of life;
• c) Variety of professions other than agriculture and
continued mobility in these occupations, mobility both
vertical and horizontal,
• (d) A particular mode of habitation and non-agricultural
(i.e., industrial, commercial etc.) pattern of economy.
Characteristics of urbanism
• Ways of Work
• Mobility from agri to factories/non-agri places
• Impersonal Social Relationship
• Time and Tempo Compulsion
• Family Living and the Individual
• The Man-made Environment
Advantages in a city
• Market potential
• Services
• Housing/accommodations
• Industries
• Urban sprawl
• Ethnic neighborhood (koronadal full of migrants from the Visayas)
Communal societies –reading assignments
• The kibbutz of Israel
• Hutterite groups in Montana, South Dakota, and Canada.
• Mennonites of Canada, Ethiopia, India and USA.
• Amish of Germany
Read more: Communal society - Societies - JRank Articles 
http://www.jrank.org/encyclopedia/p. ages/cmc0puv3mv/Communal-society.html#ixzz5PGtiD594. Accessed
August 20, 2018.