Components of language 

: Word Classes

CLOSED OPEN

pronouns I, you they, me, them etc

verbs
determiners a, the, this, that etc
adjectives

prepositions to, for from, about etc adverbs

conjunctions and, or, but etc nouns

 Formation of new words
Many possibilities bye – bye bye
reduplication no – no-no

derivation happy – happiness - acronyms scuba, AIDS

unhappy

to read – a read
conversion water – to water
compounding
a photograph – a
clipping photo

blending biology+electronic -
bionic
 derivation
The formation of new words from existing words

In English, this is achieved by 

AFFIXATION 
AFFIXATION

the process of adding an affix to a word to create:

1) a different form of that word

or 

2) or a new word with a different meaning

AFFIXATION
PREFIXES and SUFFIXES

PREFIXES: 

Prefixes are letters which we add to the beginning of a word

to make a new word with a different meaning.

SUFFIXES: 

A suffix is a letter or group of letters added at the end of a

word which makes a new word.
 PREFIXES: 

Prefixes are letters which we add to the beginning of a word

to make a new word with a different meaning.

Where are the prefixes in the following words?

forget imagine overwork

unable competition underachieve

report object outlook

retry affixation self-contained

rethink throughout illogical

multitask apply disinterested

 PREFIXES: 

Prefixes are letters which we add to the beginning of a word

to make a new word with a different meaning.

Where are the prefixes in the following words?

forget imagine overwork

unable competition underachieve

report object outlook

retry affixation self-contained

rethink throughout illogical

multitask apply disinterested

 PREFIXES

In which of these words do prefixes supply useful

information?

forget imagine overwork

unable competition underachieve

report object outlook

retry affixation self-contained

rethink throughout illogical

multitask apply disinterested

 PREFIXES

In which of these words do prefixes supply useful

information?

forget imagine overwork

unable competition underachieve

report object outlook

retry affixation self-contained

rethink throughout illogical

multitask apply disinterested

 PREFIXES

What information does the prefix supply?

unable overwork

retry underachieve

rethink outlook

multitask self-contained

illogical
affixation
disinterested
throughout
 PREFIXES

What information does the prefix supply?

un- opposite self-​ manner

re- manner Il- opposite

​ ​ ​
multi- quantity dis-​ opposite

a- direction

through- direction

over- direction

nder- position
Prefixes can 
1) create a new word opposite in meaning to
the word the prefix is attached to. 

2) make a word negative 

3) or express relations of time, place or

manner.
Please write down all the words
you can make using prefixes
using:

a) *-act

b) *-vert
An exhaustive list of prefixes:

https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Category:English_prefixes

A working list of prefixes:

https://www.englishclub.com/vocabulary/prefixes.htm
To hypenate or not to hyphenate ??

If you are not sure : ​

​
- use a good dictionary ​
​
or​
​
Use the words individually without hyphenation
 Some prefixes are always hyphenated

"all-" "all-male crew", "all-night celebrations"

"cross-"  "cross-party talks", "cross-border traffic"

"ex-" "ex-singer", "ex-boyfriend"

"self-" "self-service", "self-respect"

Some prefixes can be confusing

Please supply the correct prefix that

completes the sentence from the given base
word.
Can you underline the prefixes and
their meanings in the following
text?
The *Gut and Brain, Inextricably Linked 
Association for Psychological Science
Leah Thayer, February 26, 2021
Researchers are identifying the mechanisms involved in the brain-gut axis, laying the groundwork for more targeted interventions
1) The plausibility of “gut feelings” may seem inherently incompatible with the data-driven enterprise of psychological science. But a growing body of research on the brain-gut axis suggests that the microbes in our
digestive system indeed have a measurable role in our brain function and structure, influencing mood, emotion, 
and behavior along with other important aspects of our personalities and our mental and physical health. The gut microbiome is home to the largest collection of microorganisms in the human body. It encompasses
the trillions of bacteria, viruses, fungi, and other microorganisms that live inside the gastrointestinal tract, which includes not only the stomach but also the mouth, esophagus, pancreas, liver, gallbladder, small
intestine, and colon. After the 
brain, the gut contains the body’s largest number of neurons.
2) In recent years, studies on humans and animals have added to the evidence for links between the composition of gut microbiomes and brain processes. For example, a lack of certain gut bacteria has been
associated with psychiatric disorders ranging from anxiety and depression to attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and autism spectrum disorders (ASD). Research has also revealed connections between
bacteria in the microbiome and personality traits. And introducing certain kinds of bacteria into the body has been shown to alleviate adverse effects of stress and even disease symptoms. A 2018 study, for instance,
suggested that a *ketogenic diet may 
prevent seizures associated with epilepsy by increasing the population of certain bacteria.  
3) The links between gut bacteria and behavior or individual characteristics cannot be fully understood without understanding how the gut microbiome and the brain communicate. Research has suggested that this
communication is bidirectional, with the microbiome influencing the brain as much as the brain influences the microbiome. The brain-gut axis is a network that appears to facilitate communication among gut microbes,
the central nervous system, the peripheral nervous system, and the enteric nervous system (embedded in the gastrointestinal tract). It appears that bacteria are able to produce and respond to different
neurochemical signals, 
which travel to and from the brain. 
4) Looking further at the role of the microbiome in depression, a review by Thomaz Bastiaanssen and colleagues in 2020 explored the interplay between the gut microbiome and major depressive disorder. “The gut
microbiome is a highly dynamic system, undergoing constant change over time,” they wrote. “The degree and manner of change is thought to be determined by a vast combination of factors, ranging from stage of life
to exercise.”  They cited research involving the *Mediterranean diet, which affects the gut microbiome by increasing the abundance of bacteria with anti-inflammatory properties and has also been found to shorten
episodes of depression.  
Turning to the influence of the microbiome on stress, Bastiaanssen and colleagues noted animal research pointing to the microbiome’s important role during early development. For example, germ-free mice showed
an exaggerated stress response that was normalized after their guts were colonized with a *probiotic. A 2019 study by Huiying Wang and colleagues applied this concept to humans, showing that the probiotic strain  
Bifodobacterium longum 1714 (Zenflore) may play a role in managing stress responses in healthy volunteers. 
5) Variations in the gut microbiome aren’t relevant only to illnesses and disorders. Recent research has also established a connection between the composition and diversity of the gut microbiome and a range of
human personality traits. “People with larger social networks tend to have a more diverse microbiome, suggesting that social interactions may shape the microbial community of the human gut,” wrote Oxford
University researcher Katerina Johnson in 2020. “In contrast, anxiety and stress are linked to reduced diversity and an altered microbiome composition.” She also found that some types of bacteria are present in
different amounts in relation to personality traits. “Together, these results add a new dimension to our understanding of personality and reveal that the microbiome–gut–brain axis may also be relevant in behavioral
variation amongst the general population 
as well as in cases of psychiatric disorders.” 
6) Johnson elaborated on her findings in an interview with the Observer. Traditionally, most research on the brain-gut axis has been conducted on animals, she noted. But among the human research that had been
carried out, “a lot of it was based on autistic patients or people with psychiatric conditions. In contrast, my key interest was to look at the general population to see how variation in the types of bacteria living in the gut
may be related 
to personality.” 
*gut – the digestive tract, especially the stomach and intestines
*ketogenic diet – a low carbohydrate diet (low sugar) with higher amounts of protein and fat 
*Mediterranean diet – high consumption of vegetables and olive oil, moderate consumption of protein
*probiotic – live microorganisms that stimulate the growth of beneficial microorganisms in the intestines (gut)
Homework:

Write a text containing 10 prefixes.

The text can be about any subject and can be any

length.

Electronic submissions will be only be accepted if

you cannot be in class next Wednesday.

The deadline is Wednesday 18/01/23 at 8:30 am.

Homework:

Example: 

I re-did my homework because I had

overlooked something. My screen was inactive,
so I clicked on the mouse. I then converted the
file to MS Word. When I re-read it, I found that
the text was illegible. I reverted to the text
format. I wasn't unhappy with the result. I just
have to remember to disable the autosave
function next time.