Lecture 22 - Rees - Sp-23

EE-452: ELECTRICAL ENERGY SYSTEMS (RENEWABLE)
E NO. 22
LECT UR
DR. TAHIR EJAZ
CLASS : EE
PV-POWERED WATER PUMPING
The simplest PV water-pumping systems
consist of just a PV array attached to a dc
pump.
Water that is pumped when the sun is
out may be used at that time or stored in a
tank for use later, so the disadvantages of
battery storage can be avoided.
The result can be a system that combines
simplicity, low cost, and reliability.
2
3
As suggested in Fig. 9.55, a simple,
directly coupled PV–pump system has
(a) an electrical side in which PVs create a
voltage V that drives current I through
wires to a motor load and (b) a hydraulic
side in which a pump creates a pressure H
(for head) that drives water at some flow
rate Q through pipes to some destination.
4
The voltage and current delivered at any
instant are determined by the
intersection of the PV I –V curve and the
motor I –V curve.
In the hydraulic system, H is analogous
to voltage while Q is analogous to current;
the role of H –Q curves in determining a
hydraulic operating point is exactly
analogous to the role of I –V curves.
5
Hydraulic System Curves
Figure 9.56a shows an open system in
which water is to be raised from one level
to the next.
6
The vertical distance between the lower
water surface and the elevation of the
discharge point is referred to as the static
head (or gravity head), and in the United
States it is usually given in “feet of water.”
Head can also be measured in units of
pressure, such as pounds per square inch
(psi) or pascals (1 psi = 6895 Pa).
7
8
9
10
11
The hydraulic system curve for Example
9.21 is given in Fig. 9.57.
12
Hydraulic Pump Curves
The hydraulic system curve tells us the
amount of head that the pump must
provide to supply a given flow rate Q.
To determine the actual flow that a given
pump will provide, we need to know
something about the characteristics of the
pump that will be used.
13
Pumps suitable for PV-powered systems
generally fall into one of two categories:
centrifugal and positive displacement
pumps.
Centrifugal pumps have fast-spinning
impellers that literally throw the water
out of the pump, creating suction on the
input side of the pump and creating
pressure on the delivery side.
14
When these are installed above the
water, they are limited by the ability of
atmospheric pressure to push water up
into the suction side of the pump—that is,
to a theoretical maximum of about 32 ft.
In practice, this is more like 20 ft.
When the pump is installed below the
water line, however, the pump can push
water up hundreds of feet.
15
Submersible pumps with waterproof
housings for the motor are suspended in a
well using the same pipe that the water is
pumped through.
In this configuration, centrifugal pumps
can push water over 1000 vertical feet.
One of the disadvantages of centrifugal
pumps, however, is that their speedy
impellers are susceptible to abrasion and
clogging by grit in the water.
16
Positive displacement pumps come in
several types, including helical pumps,
which use a rotating shaft to push water
up a cavity, jack pumps, which have an
above-ground oscillating arm that pulls a
long drive shaft up and down (like the
classic oil-rig pumper), and diaphragm
pumps, which use a rotating cam to open
and close valves.
17
18
The traditional hand pump as well as the
wind-powered water pumps are versions
of jack pumps.
Jack pumps use simple flap valves that
work very much like hydraulic diodes.
During each upward stroke of the shaft, a
flap closes and a gulp of water is carried
upward; during the downward stroke, the
valve opens and new water enters a
chamber to be carried upward.
19
In general, positive displacement pumps
pump at slower rates so they are most
useful in low volume applications.
They easily handle high heads, however,
and they are much less susceptible to
gritty water problems than centrifugal
pumps.
They also are less sensitive to changes in
solar intensity.
20
The graphical relationship between head
and flow is called the hydraulic pump
curve, two examples of which are shown
in Fig. 9.58.
21
The fundamental difference in processes
that produce the pumping for centrifugal
and positive displacement pumps yield
quite different shapes to their pump
curves.
For a centrifugal pump, as the height of
the water column above the pump
increases, more and more of the pump’s
energy is devoted to simply holding up
the water so flow rates rapidly diminish.
22
Electrical I –V curves and hydraulic Q–H
curves share many similar features.
For example, recall that the electrical
power delivered by a PV is the product of
I times V and the maximum power point
is at the knee of the I –V curve.
For the hydraulic side, the power
delivered by the pump to the fluid is given
by
23
24
For directly coupled PV-to-pump systems
the voltage delivered to the pump will
vary as insolation changes.
In turn, the pump curve will shift as the
pump voltage changes, which means that
the pump curves vary with insolation.
25
Figure 9.59 shows an example of a set of
pump curves for the Jacuzzi SJ1C11 dc
centrifugal pump, which is intended for
use with photovoltaics.
Individual curves have been given for 15-
V, 30-V, 45-V, and 60-V inputs.
A typical “12-V” PV module operating
near the knee of its I –V curve delivers
about 15 V, so these pump voltages are
meant to correspond to 1, 2, 3, and 4.
26
27
Hydraulic System Curve and Pump Curve
Combined
Just as an I –V curve for a PV load is
superimposed onto the I –V curves for the
photovoltaics, so too is the Q–H system
curve superimposed onto the Q–H pump
curve to determine the hydraulic
operating point.
28
For example, superimposing the system
curve of Fig. 9.57 onto the pump curves in
Fig. 9.59 gives us the diagram in Fig. 9.60.
For example, this pump will not deliver
any water unless the voltage applied to
the pump is at least about 36 V.
At 45 V, about 5 gpm would be pumped,
while at 60 V the flow would be about 9.5
gpm.
29
30
A Simple Directly Coupled PV–Pump
Design Approach
The easiest approach to estimating
average performance of directly coupled
PV–pump systems is based on the familiar
concept of “peak sun hours.”
That is, insolation expressed as kWh/m2-
day is treated as if it is numerically
equivalent to “peak hours” at 1-sun.
31
This lets us base the analysis of PV
performance on its 1-sun rated voltage,
current, and power.
And it lets us assume that the flow rates
on a pump curve are deliverable for the
number of peak sun hours per day.
Also assume that a linear current
booster (LCB) is included in the system to
help start the pump in the morning and
keep it running.
32
Starting a pump requires high current at
low voltage, but under low-light
conditions the maximum power point on
the PV I –V curve has just the opposite
characteristic.
An LCB is the clever dc-to-dc converter
that enables the PVs to operate at their
highest efficiency in low light.
33
If pump voltage and efficiency are given,
as is the case with the pump curves in Fig.
9.60, pump power can be determined
34
35
36
37
38
39
SOLAR CONCENTRATORS
Many applications of solar heat require
hotter temperatures than those
achievable by even the best flat-plate
collectors.
For instance, a working fluid at ~500°C
can drive a conventional heat engine to
produce mechanical work for electricity
generation.
40
SOLAR CONCENTRATORS
Even hotter temperatures (to ~2000°C)
are useful for the production of refractory
materials in pure conditions.
The aim is to collect insolation over a
large area and concentrate this flux onto a
small receiver; in practice, mirrors are
used to concentrate the direct solar beam
in cloudless conditions.
41
SOLAR CONCENTRATORS
42
SOLAR CONCENTRATORS
Since only the beam radiation can be
concentrated, concentrators are useful
only in places like California and North
Africa which have long periods of bright
sunshine; solar energy applications in
cloudier climates like Northern Europe or
the ‘wet tropics’ have to rely on flat-plate
collectors and photovoltaic panels with no
concentration.
43
SOLAR CONCENTRATORS
The theory of such solar energy
concentration originally derived from
optical imaging devices (e.g. telescopes);
however, modern research and
development has developed non-imaging
concentrators as more beneficial for solar
energy concentration for both thermal
and photovoltaic power.
44
SOLAR CONCENTRATORS
 Applications need a specific raised
temperature that is not too large and not
too small, and a large flux of energy;
therefore non-imaging solar
concentrators are designed to give the
required temperature with the energy
flux spread evenly over the absorber with
minimal loss.
A sharp optical quality image is not
desired.
45
SOLAR CONCENTRATORS
The solar cooker shown in the figure is
one such application.
46
SOLAR CONCENTRATORS
A concentrator comprises a collector that
directs beam radiation onto a receiver,
where the radiation is absorbed and
converted to some other energy form.
Concentrators have collectors that focus
onto a single focal area, either onto the
‘point’ entry to a cavity, or onto a line of
pipe.
47
SOLAR CONCENTRATORS
The former are
point
concentrators
(Fig 4.7(a)); the
latter are linear
concentrators
(Fig. 4.7(b)).
48
SOLAR CONCENTRATORS
Point concentrators must be orientated
to follow the Sun in two dimensions:
east/west and north/south.
Line concentrators rotate around the
horizontal north/south axis of the
receiver to follow the elevation of the Sun
through the day; tracking in only one
dimension is mechanically simpler and
cheaper than tracking in two dimensions.
49
SOLAR CONCENTRATORS
The receiver is the heat-absorbing
component.
This is usually a container through which
a fluid passes to transport the energy to a
heat engine.
Newly developed receivers, becomes
heated to perhaps 1000°C and then
passes into a heat transfer container from
which the heat is transported to an
engine.
50
SOLAR CONCENTRATORS
The benefit is the higher temperature of
the energy transfer and the greater
efficiency of the heat engine.
Concentrated solar thermal power may
be the most prominent application of
solar concentrators.
51
SOLAR CONCENTRATORS
However, some solar applications need a
large flux of energy at a temperature that
is not too high but significantly more than
ambient; these non-imaging solar
concentrators are appropriate and
cheaper than focusing concentrators,
especially because they achieve sufficient
concentration (X~5) without the
mechanical complexity for tracking the
Sun.
52

Lecture 22 - Rees - Sp-23

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Description:

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Lecture 22 - Rees - Sp-23

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

EE-452: ELECTRICAL ENERGY SYSTEMS (RENEWABLE)

DR. TAHIR EJAZ

You might also like