CITATION

TECHNIQUES
AND
BIBLIOGRAPHICAL
METHODS
 CITATION TECHNIQUES AND BIBLIOGRAPHICAL METHODS

Citation
- is a reference to the source of information used in a research. Any time one
directly quotes, paraphrases or summarizes the essential elements of someone else’s
idea in one’s work, an in-text citation should follow. (
https://www.google.com/search?q=citation&source=lmns&bih=600&biw=1349&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwi9g8WurvvuA
hVfxIsBHfnhC0kQ_AUoAHoECAEQAA
)

Purposes of citing or documenting the sources used in a research:

1. It gives proper credit to the authors of the words or ideas that a researcher
incorporated into his/her paper.
2. It allows those who are reading a researcher’s work to locate the sources, in
order to learn more about the ideas that he/she included in his/her paper.
3. Citing the sources consistently and accurately helps the researcher to avoid
committing plagiarism in his/her writing.
(
https://guides.library.unk.edu/c.php?g=710678&p=5051044#:~:text=Citing%20or%20documenting%20the%20sources,you
%20incorporated%20into%20your%20paper.&text=Citing%20your%20sources%20consistently%20and,committing%20plag
iarism%20in%20your%20writing
.)
 CITATION TECHNIQUES AND BIBLIOGRAPHICAL METHODS

There are four (4) common methods of referring to a source document in the text of an
essay, thesis or assignment. (January 28, 2021)
1. direct quotation from another source
2. paraphrasing
3. summarizing material
4. citing the whole of a source document

Three (3) major citation styles used in academic writing:

1. MLA – Modern Language Association

2. APA – American Psychological Association
3. Chicago – which supports two styles: Notes and Bibliography. Author-Date

(
https://www.google.com/search?q=citation+techniques&source=lmns&bih=600&biw=1349&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2 ahUKEwjV0
ZjrrfvuAhVCWpQKHa6HC2QQ_AUoAHoECAEQAA
)
 CITATION TECHNIQUES AND BIBLIOGRAPHICAL METHODS

Bibliography
- a list of all of the sources a researcher has used (whether referenced or not) in the process
of researching his/her work. In general, a bibliography should include: the authors’ names. the
titles of the works. the names and locations of the companies that published copies of the
sources.
- a list of sources an individual used when writing a scholarly article or paper or a list of books
or articles an author has published in a specific subject.
- a section of a written work containing citations, not quotations, to all the books referenced
in the work.

**https://www.google.com/search?q=bibliography&oq=bibliography&aqs=chrome..69i57j0i433l2j0i131i433j0l6.4773j0j15&sourceid=chrome&ie=UTF-8
**https://www.yourdictionary.com/bibliography
 CITATION TECHNIQUES AND BIBLIOGRAPHICAL METHODS

Information needed in a bibliography (for each Web Site):

1. author’s / authors’ name.
2. title of the publication (and the title of the article if it's a magazine or encyclopedia)
3. date of publication.
4. the place of publication of a book.
5. the publishing company of a book.
6. the volume number of a magazine or printed encyclopedia.
7. the page number(s)

https://www.google.com/search?q=bibliography&oq=bibliography&aqs=chrome..69i57j0i433l2j0i131i433j0l6.4773j0j15&sourceid=chrome&ie=UTF-8
 CITATION TECHNIQUES AND BIBLIOGRAPHICAL METHODS

Distribution of Academic Departments and Their Likely Referencing Methods

Methods The Subscribing Departments / Disciplines

Harvard Method All Language Studies, History, Arts, and Literary Studies,
Theology, Sociology, Criminology, etc.
APA Method Social and behavioral sciences such as Education Library and
(American Psychological Information Science, Management Sciences, Nursing, other
Association) Behavioral and Social Science disciplines

Vancouver Method Medicine, Computer Science, Mathematics, Statistics, Physics,

Zoology, Plant and Biotechnology Departments, etc.
MLA Method Linguistics and Literary Subjects
(Modern Language
Association)
 CITATION TECHNIQUES AND BIBLIOGRAPHICAL METHODS

APA (American Psychological Association)

- the professional guild who first developed the guidelines of the style
- the style of documentation of sources used by the American Psychological
Association
- this form of writing research papers is used mainly in the social sciences, like
psychology, anthropology, sociology, as well as education and other fields

https://www.google.com/search?sxsrf=ALeKk03qbVefGoD0AvlJ5WFuwnVSjGh4qw
%3A1613918816853&ei=YHIyYJLVM6rFmAXH65XQBw&q=meaning+of+mla+and+apa&oq=meaning+of+MLA&gs_lcp=Cgdnd3Mtd2l6EAEYATICCAAyAggAMgIIADIHCAAQhwIQFDIHC
AAQhwIQFDICCAAyAggAMgIIADICCAAyAggAOgcIABCwAxBDOgQIIxAnOgQIABBDOg0IABCHAhCxAxCDARAUOgUIABCxAzoKCAAQhwIQsQMQFDoICAAQsQMQgwFQqMJwWMnScGD
Bi3FoAnACeACAAZsIiAGdG5IBDTItMS4zLjEuMS4wLjGYAQCgAQGqAQdnd3Mtd2l6yAEKwAEB&sclient=gws-wiz

https://www.google.com/search?sxsrf=ALeKk03qbVefGoD0AvlJ5WFuwnVSjGh4qw
%3A1613918816853&ei=YHIyYJLVM6rFmAXH65XQBw&q=meaning+of+mla+and+apa&oq=meaning+of+MLA&gs_lcp=Cgdnd3Mtd2l6EAEYATICCAAyAggAMgIIADIHCAAQhwI
QFDIHCAAQhwIQFDICCAAyAggAMgIIADICCAAyAggAOgcIABCwAxBDOgQIIxAnOgQIABBDOg0IABCHAhCxAxCDARAUOgUIABCxAzoKCAAQhwIQsQMQFDoICAAQsQMQgwFQq
MJwWMnScGDBi3FoAnACeACAAZsIiAGdG5IBDTItMS4zLjEuMS4wLjGYAQCgAQGqAQdnd3Mtd2l6yAEKwAEB&sclient=gws-wiz
 CITATION TECHNIQUES AND BIBLIOGRAPHICAL METHODS

MLA (Modern Language Association)

- a style of formatting academic papers that is used mostly in the arts and
humanities
- establishes values for acknowledging sources used in a research paper.
- uses a simple two-part parenthetical documentation system for citing sources:
Citations in the text of a paper point to the alphabetical Works Cited list that
appears at the end of the paper.

https://www.google.com/search?sxsrf=ALeKk03qbVefGoD0AvlJ5WFuwnVSjGh4qw
%3A1613918816853&ei=YHIyYJLVM6rFmAXH65XQBw&q=meaning+of+mla+and+apa&oq=meaning+of+MLA&gs_lcp=Cgdnd3Mtd2l6EAEYATI
CCAAyAggAMgIIADIHCAAQhwIQFDIHCAAQhwIQFDICCAAyAggAMgIIADICCAAyAggAOgcIABCwAxBDOgQIIxAnOgQIABBDOg0IABCHAhCxAxCD
ARAUOgUIABCxAzoKCAAQhwIQsQMQFDoICAAQsQMQgwFQqMJwWMnScGDBi3FoAnACeACAAZsIiAGdG5IBDTItMS4zLjEuMS4wLjGYAQCgAQ
GqAQdnd3Mtd2l6yAEKwAEB&sclient=gws-wiz
 CITATION TECHNIQUES AND BIBLIOGRAPHICAL METHODS

In-text Citation

Using In-text Citation

Include an in-text citation when you refer to, summarize, paraphrase, or quote
from another source. For every in-text citation in your paper, there must be a
corresponding entry in your reference list.
Use past-tense verbs when introducing a quote—“Smith found…” and not
“Smith finds.…”

How do you write a proper citation?

APA in-text citation style uses the author's last name and the year of publication,
for example: (Field, 2005). For direct quotations, include the page number as well,
for example: (Field, 2005, p. 14).
 CITATION TECHNIQUES AND BIBLIOGRAPHICAL METHODS

Additional notes:

In APA papers, in-text citations include the name of the author(s) and the year
of publication whenever possible.
Page numbers are always included when citing quotations. It is optional to
include page numbers when citing paraphrased material; however, this should be
done when citing a specific portion of a work.
When citing online sources, provide the same information used for print
sources if it is available.
When a source does not provide information that usually appears in a citation,
in-text citations should provide readers with alternative information that would help
them locate the source material. This may include the title of the source, section
headings and paragraph numbers for websites, and so forth.
When writing a paper, discuss with your professor what particular standards
he or she would like you to follow.
 CITATION TECHNIQUES AND BIBLIOGRAPHICAL METHODS

Citing Sources
A good citation makes it easy for the reader to figure out the who, what, when, and where of the
source. In MLA style, a citation also often indicates how it was accessed.

Within MLA style, the format of the citation also tells you "what"--that this source is a journal
article that you accessed through an online database.
Template courtesy of Nash Community College

(https://www.google.com/search?
q=citation+techniques&source=lmns&bih=600&biw=1349&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjV0Zjrrfv
uAhVCWpQKHa6HC2QQ_AUoAHoECAEQAA)
 CITATION TECHNIQUES AND BIBLIOGRAPHICAL METHODS

For Citing Techniques (For Students)

Please refer to the link given below.
https://www.plagscan.com/en/citation-techniques-for-students

Bibliographic Citation and Referencing Method

Please refer to the link given below.
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/292869655_BIBLIOGRAPHIC_CITATION_AND_
REFERENCING_METHOD

How to do MLA and APA formats

MLA: Author’s name. Title. Place of Publication: Publishes, year

Notice that the year is the last item, and it is not used for parenthetical in-text
citation. University presses are abbreviated UP, as in Oxford UP. …

APA: Author’s name. Year of Publication in parentheses. Title. Place of publication: publisher.
 CITATION TECHNIQUES AND BIBLIOGRAPHICAL METHODS

PLEASE PAY ATTENTION TO THIS.

A MUST TO READ!!!
Here are additional notes on Successful Writing.

SUCCESSFUL WRITING
https://2012books.lardbucket.org/books/successful-writing/index.html

Please take time to go over this. Read, understand and take notes.
 CITATION TECHNIQUES AND BIBLIOGRAPHICAL METHODS

SUCCESSFUL WRITING

Table of Contents
About the Author
Acknowledgements
Dedications
Preface

Chapter 1: Introduction to Writing

Reading and Writing in College
Developing Study Skills
Becoming a Successful College Writer
Introduction to Writing: End-of-Chapter Exercises

Chapter 2: Writing Basics: What Makes a Good Sentence?

Sentence Writing
Subject-Verb Agreement
Verb Tense
Capitalization
 CITATION TECHNIQUES AND BIBLIOGRAPHICAL METHODS

Pronouns
Adjectives and Adverbs
Misplaced and Dangling Modifiers
Writing Basics: End-of-Chapter Exercises
Writing Basics: End-of-Chapter Exercises

Chapter 3: Punctuation
Commas
Semicolons
Colons
Quotes
Apostrophes
Parentheses
Dashes
Hyphens
Punctuation: End-of-Chapter Exercises
 CITATION TECHNIQUES AND BIBLIOGRAPHICAL METHODS

Chapter 4: Working with Words: Which Word Is Right?

Commonly Confused Words
Spelling
Word Choice
Prefixes and Suffixes
Synonyms and Antonyms
Using Context Clues
Working with Words: End-of-Chapter Exercises

Chapter 5: Help for English Language Learners

Word Order
Negative Statements
Count and Noncount Nouns and Articles
Pronouns
Verb Tenses
Modal Auxiliaries
Prepositions
Slang and Idioms
Help for English Language Learners: End-of-Chapter Exercises
 CITATION TECHNIQUES AND BIBLIOGRAPHICAL METHODS

Chapter 6: Writing Paragraphs: Separating Ideas and Shaping Content

Purpose, Audience, Tone, and Content
Effective Means for Writing a Paragraph
Writing Paragraphs: End-of-Chapter Exercises

Chapter 7: Refining Your Writing: How Do I Improve My Writing Technique?

Sentence Variety
Coordination and Subordination
Parallelism
Refining Your Writing: End-of-Chapter Exercises

Chapter 8: The Writing Process: How Do I Begin?

Apply Prewriting Models
Outlining
Drafting
Revising and Editing
The Writing Process: End-of-Chapter Exercises
 CITATION TECHNIQUES AND BIBLIOGRAPHICAL METHODS

Chapter 9: Writing Essays: From Start to Finish

Developing a Strong, Clear Thesis Statement
Writing Body Paragraphs
Organizing Your Writing
Writing Introductory and Concluding Paragraphs
Writing Essays: End-of-Chapter Exercises

Chapter 10: Rhetorical Modes

Narration
Illustration
Description
Classification
Process Analysis
Definition
Comparison and Contrast
Cause and Effect
Persuasion
Rhetorical Modes: End-of-Chapter Exercises
 CITATION TECHNIQUES AND BIBLIOGRAPHICAL METHODS

Chapter 11: Writing from Research: What Will I Learn?

The Purpose of Research Writing
Steps in Developing a Research Proposal
Managing Your Research Project
Strategies for Gathering Reliable Information
Critical Thinking and Research Applications
Writing from Research: End-of-Chapter Exercises

Chapter 12: Writing a Research Paper

Creating a Rough Draft for a Research Paper
Developing a Final Draft of a Research Paper
Writing a Research Paper: End-of-Chapter Exercises

Chapter 13: APA and MLA Documentation and Formatting

Formatting a Research Paper
Citing and Referencing Techniques
Creating a References Section
Using Modern Language Association (MLA) Style
APA and MLA Documentation and Formatting: End-of-Chapter Exercises
 CITATION TECHNIQUES AND BIBLIOGRAPHICAL METHODS

Chapter 14: Creating Presentations: Sharing Your Ideas

Organizing a Visual Presentation
Incorporating Effective Visuals into a Presentation
Giving a Presentation
Creating Presentations: End-of-Chapter Exercises

Chapter 15: Readings: Examples of Essays

Introduction to Sample Essays
Narrative Essay
Illustration Essay
Descriptive Essay
Classification Essay
Process Analysis Essay
Definition Essay
Compare-and-Contrast Essay
Cause-and-Effect Essay
Persuasive Essay
 CITATION TECHNIQUES AND BIBLIOGRAPHICAL METHODS

SUCCESSFUL WRITING
Tenses of verbs
Simple tenses – present (+ -s or es , past (+ -d or –ed), future (will or shall)
(walk – walks; searches; search; walk (pl) ; walked ; believed;
will walk or shall walk
Perfect tenses – present perfect tense = It has been raining since last night.
past perfect tense = The thief had escaped before the police arrived.
future perfect tense = By 2024, I will have graduated.
Progressive tenses – present progressive tense – He is singing with emotion. / They are singing
with emotion.
past progressive tense – He was singing with emotion. / They were singing with
emotion.
future progressive tense – He will be singing with emotion. / They will be singing
with emotion.
 CITATION TECHNIQUES AND BIBLIOGRAPHICAL METHODS

Tenses of Verbs

Simple Tenses
Present tense = + -s or – es = jumps; searches / jump; search
Past tense = + -d or –ed = believed; performed / occupy – occupied / hang – hanged
Future tense = will or shall = will go; shall go
Perfect tenses
Present perfect tense = It has rained since last night. / They have started their
journey since last Monday. (has, have + past participle)
Past perfect tense = The thief had escaped before the police arrived.
Future perfect tense = By 2024, I will have graduated from college.
Progressive tenses
Present progressive = She is studying for her final exam. / They are studying for their
final exam.
Past progressive = She was studying her lesson when her mother arrived.
They were studying their lesson when the teacher entered the
room.
Future progressive = She will be studying her lesson tomorrow. (They – their)