Lecture-2

Chapter - 2

Frequency Distribution
Measures of Central Tendency 1
 it should not surprise you to learn that several kinds
of averages have been introduced in statistics.

 Averages are called measures of central tendency

because they estimate the center of the data
collected. The three most common measures of
central tendency are the arithmetic mean, median,
and mode.
The Arithmetic Mean 1
Arithmetic Mean:
The sum of the values divided by the
number of values.
The arithmetic mean, or mean, of a
sample or briefly, sample mean is
denoted by and is defined by the formula
Example 1:

 The grades of a student on eight 100-point

examinations were 70, 65, 69, 85, 94, 62, 79,
and 100. Find the mean.

Solution:

 In this example n = 8, the mean of this set

of grades is
The Mean for Grouped Data 2

denotes the frequency of the class ,

 denotes the midpoint of class ,

 denotes the total frequency.

 :Example 2

Calculate the arithmetic mean from the following frequency table:

Class 50-60 60-70 70-80 80-90 90-100 100- 110-

110 120
Frequency 7 9 19 14 14 6 2
 SOLUTION
Solution:

Class Frequency (f) Midpoint (m) f. m

50-60 7 55 385
60-70 9 65 585
70-80 19 75 1425
80-90 14 85 1190
90-100 14 95 1330
100-110 6 105 630
110-120 2 115 230
Total N=71 5775

The arithmetic mean

σ𝑛 𝑓 𝑚𝑖 5775
ത= 𝑖=1 𝑖
𝑋 = = 81.34
𝑁 71
)( The Median 3
Median
The midpoint of the values after they
have been arranged from the smallest to
the largest (or the largest to the smallest).
There will be as many values above the
median as below the median.
 𝑿𝒏+𝟏 𝒊𝒇 𝒏 𝒊𝒔 𝒂𝒏 𝒐𝒅𝒅 𝒏𝒖𝒎𝒃𝒆𝒓
𝟐
෩ = {𝟏
𝑿
൬
𝑿𝒏 + 𝑿 𝒏 +𝟏 ൰ 𝒊𝒇 𝒏 𝒊𝒔 𝒂𝒏 𝒆𝒗𝒆𝒏 𝒏𝒖𝒎𝒃𝒆𝒓
𝟐 𝟐 𝟐

Example 4:
For the data set 2, 2, 3, 4, 6, 7, 7, 7, 11
calculate the median.
Solution:
The median value , n=9 hence
Example 5:
.For the data set 60, 56, 48, 46, 50, 70 calculate the median

Solution:

Arrange the data from low to high

46, 48, 50, 56, 60, 70

n=6 (even number), hence

1
𝑋෨ = ൬𝑋𝑛 + 𝑋 𝑛 +1 ൰
2 2 2

1
= ሺ𝑋3 + 𝑋4 ሻ
2

1
= ሺ50 + 56ሻ = 53
2
The Median for Grouped Data 4

,is the lower true limit of the class containing the median 

,is the total number of frequencies 

is the cumulative number of frequencies in all the 

classes immediately preceding the class containing the

,median

,is the frequency in the class containing the median 

.is the size of the interval 

Example 6:

Calculate the median for the following frequency table

Class 50-60 60-70 70-80 80-90 90-100 100- 110-

110 120
Frequency 7 9 19 14 14 6 2
SOLUTION
Class Frequency 𝑐𝑓
50-60 7 7
60-70 9 16
70-80 19 35
80-90 14 49
90-100 14 63
100-110 6 69
110-120 2 71
Total 71

The median is that point in the data will have 50% of the entries above it and
50% below it.
Now 50% of 71 is 35.5, so we are interested in
finding the point in the distribution with 35
entries above it and 35 below it, thus the
median must lie in the interval 80-90. Now

= 80, , , , , hence
5 The Mode
 Mode
The mode of a set of real numbers is the value that
occurs with the greatest frequency exceeding
frequency of 1.
Example 7:
 The grouped of data 2, 3, 4, 5, 7, 15 has no
mode.
Example 8:
 The grouped of data 2, 2, 2, 3, 3, 7, 7, 7, 11, 15
has two modes 2 and 7 and is called bimodal.
 The Mode of Grouped Data 6

Example 9:

Calculate the mode from the following frequency table

Class 10-15 15-20 20-25 25-30

Frequency 6 9 7 4

Solution:

The largest class frequency is 9 and the midpoint of that class interval is
17.5, hence

The mode is 17.5