RUN TEST

Presented by
P.N. AISHWARYA B.F.Sc.,
PG Scholar,
Department of Fisheries
Extension,
Economics and Statistics,
FC&RI, Thoothukudi.
 SYNOPSIS
• Introduction to Run Tests
• Calculating the Test Statistic
• Interpreting the Results
• Advantages of Run Tests
• Limitations of Run Tests
• Conclusion
Introduction to Run Tests
 Run tests are a type of statistical test used to determine the presence
of a significant difference between two variables. It is a type of non-
parametric test, meaning that it does not assume a normal distribution
of the data.
 The test of significance devised to test the randomness of a sample is
call Run test based on the theory of Runs.The test can be used to
compare two independent samples or two dependent samples. The run
test is also known as the Wald-Wolfowitz runs test.
 This test is used to assess whether a sequence of observations is
random or not. It is based on the concept of runs, which are defined as
consecutive observations that are either all above or all below the
median value. The test statistic is the number of runs in the sequence.
Calculating the Test Statistic

The test statistic is calculated by counting the number of runs in the

sequence.
A run is defined as a sequence of two or more consecutive
observations that are either all above or all below the median value.
The test statistic is then compared to a critical value, which is
determined by the sample size and the level of significance.
The test statistic is calculated by counting the number of runs in the
sequence. A run is defined as a sequence of two or more consecutive
observations that are either all above or all below the median value.
The test statistic is then compared to a critical value, which is
determined by the sample size and the level of significance.
Interpreting the Results
 The test statistic is compared to a critical value, which is determined by
the sample size and the level of significance.
 If the test statistic is greater than the critical value, then the sequence of
observations is considered to be non-random. If the test statistic is less
than the critical value, then the sequence of observations is considered to
be random.
 The results of the run test can be used to determine whether the sequence
of observations is random or not.
 It is important to note that this test does not provide an indication of the
strength of the relationship between the two variables. It is simply used to
determine whether there is a significant difference between the two
variables or not.
Notation:

 n1: number of symbols of first kind

 n2: number of symbols of second kind
 n = n1 + n2 Total sample size
 G: number of runs in the sequence
Advantages of Run Tests

 Run tests are a simple and straightforward way to

determine the presence of a significant difference
between two variables. The test is non-parametric,
meaning that it does not assume a normal distribution
of the data. It is also relatively easy to understand and
interpret the results.
 The test is also relatively robust to violations of the
assumptions of normality, making it a good choice for
data sets that may not be normally distributed. It is also
relatively easy to calculate, as the test statistic is simply
the number of runs in the sequence.
Limitations of Run Tests

 The run test is limited in that it does not provide an

indication of the strength of the relationship between the
two variables. It is also limited in that it cannot be used to
compare more than two variables at a time. The test is also
limited in that it is not appropriate for data sets that contain
outliers or extreme values.
 The test is also limited in that it assumes that the
observations are independent of each other. If the
observations are not independent, then the results of the
test may not be reliable. Finally, the test is limited in that it
assumes that the data is normally distributed, which may
not always be the case.
 CONCLUSION
 Run tests are a simple and straightforward way to determine the
presence of a significant difference between two variables. The test is
relatively easy to understand and interpret the results, and is relatively
robust to violations of the assumptions of normality. However, the test
is limited in that it does not provide an indication of the strength of the
relationship between the two variables and cannot be used to compare
more than two variables at a time.
 In conclusion, the run test is a useful tool for determining the presence
of a significant difference between two variables. It is important to
remember the limitations of the test, and to use it in conjunction with
other tests to get a more complete picture of the data.