Group 113 December 15, 2022

LOGIC AND CRITICAL

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 AGE
Intoduction NDA
Type of Fallacy

Fallacies of Relevance

Fallacies of Insufficient
Evidence
INTRODU
CTION
• Fallacies are common errors in
reasoning that will undermine the
logic of your argument.
• Fallacies can be either illegitimate
arguments or irrelevant points, and
are often identified because they
lack evidence that supports their
claim.
 TYPE OF Back to Agenda Page

FALLACY
Fallacies of Relevance
Fallacies of relevance involve introducing premises or conclusions
that have nothing to do with the subject matter.

Fallacies of Insufficient
Fallacies of Evidence
insufficient evidence are mistakes in reasoning that
occur because the premises, though logically relevant to the
conclusion, fail to provide sufficient evidence to support the
conclusion.
FALLACIES OF
RELEVANCE
 PERSONAL
ATTACK
: This fallacy occurs when, instead of addressing someone's
argument or position, you irrelevantly attack the person or
some aspect of the person who is making the argument.

EXAM
PLE
The man named Mr. Oliver, who fought with my father last week,
has opened a new clothing store inside the supermarket. I won’t
suggest that you purchase anything from that man; he’s narcissistic
and boastful.
LOOK WHO'S
TALKING
-- Rejecting an argument because the person advancing it fails to
practice what he or she preaches.

EXAM
PLE
M: You must work hard, refrain from being sluggish, and arrive
early.

E: (muttered) Look who's talking, I believe he's talking to himself.

 TWO
WRONGS
MAKE A
This fallacy involves the attempt to justify a wrong action by
pointing to another wrong action.

EXAM
RIGHT
PLE
E: I only stole a small amount of money from the firm;
why am I going to be examined and penalized by the
company's board of directors when there is someone in a
higher position who steals a lot more money than I do?
APPEAL TO PITY
--is the fallacy of supporting a position by attempting to provoke
pity or guilt in your audience or opponent.

EXAM
Seller to Buyer:
PLE
I’m aware you don’t currently need this product. However, if you don’t
buy, I won’t reach my target and I’ll probably get fired. I have a family, I
provide for them, so I can’t lose my job. Do you have any plans to buy
our product, ma’am or sir?
 STRAW MAN
: Substituting a person's actual position or argument with a
distorted, exaggerated, or misrepresented version of the
position of the argument.

EXAM
PLE
Anna; Aren’t we going to our supplier to get some of the materials we
needed in our clothing business?

John; We just got materials last week. We still have few of it.It maybe so
stressful going there every week.Besides,it’s Christmas season! Relax and
we can go there on January.

Anna: Yes you’re right, we got few of them. So stand up and we’re going
FALLACIES OF
INSUFFICIENT
EVIDENCE
 APPEAL TO
IGNORANCE
--It asserts that a proposition is true because it has not yet been
proven false or a proposition is false because it has not yet been
proven true.

EXAM
PLE
Our sales jumped, but we can’t figure out why, therefore they
must possibly be climbing.
 HASTY
GENERALIZAT
ION
: It occurs when you generalize a singular experience or small
sample size, essentially stating that limited experience as a
universal fact.

EXAM
PLE
All restaurants serve horrible food. I’ve been to two pizza
restaurants, and both had terrible food.
SLIPPERY SLOPE
-- is typically a negative argument where there is an attempt to
discourage someone from taking a course of action because if they
do it will lead to some unacceptable conclusion.

EXAM
You should not waste your money by investing in a business.
PLE
Once you start spending a lot of money on investments, There is
a possibility that if the business you invest in goes bankrupt,
your money will also be lost, or you could also be scammed.
 WEAK
ANALOGY
: occurs when a person draws a comparison between two
concepts, situations, or things to link them together in an
argument, even though the connection between the two is not
strong enough to make the case.

EXAM
PLE
If it would be more disruptive to society and the economy
to ban automobile companies than to allow them, then
why a single pesticide would not .
 LOADED
QUESTION
-- occurs when you rely on manipulative language (instead of facts
or evidence) to convince your audience that your claim is true.

EXAM
Investor 1: Are you going to invest to that narcissist and selfish
PLE
woman.

Investor 2: Yes, why

Investor 1: Oh well nothing, at least you admit that she is a total

narcissist and selfish.
Group December 15, 2022

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