Architecture of Moslems

‫عمارة المسلمون‪-‬مقدمة‬
‫‪ ‬هي تلك العمارة التي نشأت في بالد العرب ومصر والعراق والشام والمغرب العربي وتركيا وايران‬ ‫•‬
‫منذ فجر االسالم باإلضافة إلى المناطق التي حكمها المسلمون كإسبانيا والهند‬
‫هي تلك العمارة التي تأثرت خصائص‪/‬ها وصفاتها بشكل كبير بالدين اإلسالمي والنهضة العلمية التي‬ ‫•‬
‫تبعته‬
‫تختلف من منطقة ألخرى تبعا للمناخ ولإلرث المعماري‪ /‬والحض‪/‬اري الذي كان موجود في المنطقة قبل‬ ‫•‬
‫دخول االسالم‬
‫هي تللك العمارة ذات الخص‪/‬ائص البنائية والمعمارية التي طورها واستعملها المسلمون في تشييد مباني‬ ‫•‬
‫الجوامع والمساجد والزوايا والخلوات واالربطة والمدارس والكتاتيب والدواوين والبيمارستانات والقالع‬
‫والحصون والخانات والحمامات والقصور والبيوت ومجاري العيون والقناطر والحدائق واالسبلة‬
‫على سبيل المثال في عمارة المسجد ينتشر الصحن المفتوح في‪ ‬الشام والعراق‪ ‬والجزيرة العربية بينما‬ ‫•‬
‫اختفى في‪ ‬تركيا للجو البارد وفي اليمن بسبب اإلرث المعماري‪.‬‬
‫تطورت عمارة المسلمون في الشكل والوظيفة عبر الزمن وأيضا ً بتغير الظروف السياسية واالقتصادية‬ ‫•‬
‫والثقافية‪ ‬للسكان‬
 ‫مقدمة‬-‫عمارة المسلمون‬
• Architecture of Moslems includes a wide range of
styles from dawnof Islam to present day, influencing
the design and buildings and structures in Islamic
culture
• architectural types include the masjid, the palace and
the fort
• vocabulary of moslem architecture is derived from
these types and used for buildings of lesser
importance such as public baths, fountains and
domestic architecture.
 ‫عمارة المسلمون‬
‫عناصر مباني الجوامع والمساجد وتشمل المنائر‪ ,‬المآذن‪ ،‬القباب‪ ،‬الصحن‪،‬‬ ‫•‬
‫المحراب ‪،‬الرواق‪ ,‬الميضئة‪.‬‬
‫عناصر بمباني القصور والبيوت والمباني العامة وتشمل‬ ‫•‬
‫عناصر فراغية وظيفية كااليوانات والمجالس والغرف والدكاك والسراديب واألسوار‬ ‫•‬
‫عناصر لتغطية الفتحات كالنوافذ والطيق والرواشين (المشربيات)‬ ‫•‬
‫عناصر لفتحات البواب كالعقود (المخموس‪ ،‬المملوكي‪ ،‬الموتور واألندلسي)‬ ‫•‬
‫عناصر السقف كالقباب واالقبية‬ ‫•‬
‫عناصر زخرفية كالمقرنص والكابولي والنقش والحفر‬ ‫•‬
‫عناصر مناخية كالملقف والبادكير والجالء‬ ‫•‬
‫عناصر إنشائية كالجسر والجائز‬ ‫•‬
 ‫مقدمة‬-‫عمارة المسلمون‬
• recognizable Moselm architectural style emerged after the
prophet’s time inspired by Islam and addition of localized
adaptations of Persian, Byzantine, and Visigoths styles
• The Dome of the Rock (Qubbat al-Sakhrah) (691) is one of
the most important buildings in all of Moslem architecture,
marked by a strong Byzantine influence
• mosaic against a gold background, and a central plan with a
great epigraphic frieze
• It featured interior vaulted spaces, a circular dome, and the
use of stylized repeating decorative arabesque patterns
 ‫مقدمة‬-‫عمارة المسلمون‬
• motifs of Islamic architecture have always been ordered repetition,
radiating structures, and rhythmic, metric patterns In this
respect,fractal geometry has been a key utility especially for
mosques and palaces.
• Other significant features employed as motifs include columns, piers
and arches, organized and interwoven with alternating sequences of
niches and colonnettes
• The role of domes in Islamic architecture has been considerable and
its usage spans centuries, first appearing in 691 in Dome of the Rock,
and recurring even up until the 17th century with the Taj Mahal.
• As late as the 19th century, Islamic domes had been incorporated
into Western architecture
 ‫عمارة عصر النبوة والخلفاء الراشدون‬
• Prophet mosque and his house, and extensions
• Alfustat by Amr bin Alas rectangle, 29 mby 17 m, palm
(/‫ عنه‬///‫)رضيهللا‬

tree trunks, stones and mud bricks, covered by a roof of wood and

palm leaves. four columns used to point out qibla. no adornments,
no minarets
• Minarets added by (‫فيان‬//‫نس‬///‫اوية ب‬/‫مع‬ )in 679 and double its size
/‫ عنه‬///‫رضيهللا‬

• In 711 a concave prayer niche was added

• In 827, it had seven new aisles built, parallel to qibla wall, Each aisle
had an arcade of columns, with the last column in each row attached to
the wall by means of a wooden architrave carved with a frieze
• In 9th century, a new area was added by ‫لمأمون‬//‫لعباسيا‬//‫لخليفة ا‬//‫ ا‬increasing
dimensions to 120m x 112m
‫العمارة في الدولة األموية‬
• Umayyad Empire (661-
750), in the Umayyad era
many new elements were
included to Moslem
architecture: Minarates,
Arabisque, Mosaic, Luxury
palaces
‫قبة الصخرة بجوار المسجد األقصى ‪ ،‬الخليفة األموي عبد الملك بن مروان ‪691‬م‬
‫قبة الصخرة بجوار المسجد األقصى ‪ ،‬الخليفة األموي عبد الملك بن مروان ‪691‬م‬
 ‫العمارة في الدولة األموية‬

‫ م‬711 ‫قصر عمرة بصحراء األردن الشرقية العمارة األموية عهد خليفة الوليد بن عبدالملك‬

• Ummayid Palaces in Jordan and Syria  served as living quarters, reception halls,

and baths for rulers and were decorated to promote an image of royal luxury
• building remnant of a larger complex that included a castle, a royal retreat.
 frescoes on ceilings inside, which depict hunting,, an accurate representation of
the zodiac
 ‫العمارة في الدولة األموية‬

)‫جامع بني أمية (المسجد األموي‬ 

• Religious and civic architecture were developed under

the Umayyads, the "Arab plan", with court andcovered prayer
hall, truly became a functional type with the construction of the
Umayyad Mosque, (completed in 715 by caliph Al-Walid )
 ‫جامع عقبة بن نافع بالقيروان‬
•  Great Mosque of Kairouan in tunis built in 670 AD
considered as the ancestor of all mosques in maghreb and
most significant examples of early great mosques
• constituted of a massive square minaret, a large courtyard
surrounded by porticos and a huge hypostyle prayer hall
covered on its axis by two cupolas
Hypostyle prayer hall of the Great Mosque of Kairouan, in Tunisia
‫مسقط أفقي لجامع عقبة بن نافع بالقيروان‬
 ‫عمارة األمويين باألندلس‬
• Ceiling in Alhambra, Interior of
Masjid in Cordoba, Sintra
Castle, Portugal, Mosque at
Córdoba 785 AD noted for its
striking interior arches, the
magnificent Alhambra palace
of Granada with its open and
breezy interior spaces adorned
in red, blue, gold
• walls decorated with
foliage motifs, and arabesque de
sign work, with walls covered in
glazed tile

‫قصر الحمراء باسبانيا‬

 ‫مسجد قرطبة باسبانيا‬

After Moslem entered Spain in 711 AD the

horseshoe arch form was adopted from visigoth
architecture with accentuated curvature
‫محراب مسجد قرطبة باسبانيا‬ ‫مدخل مسجد قرطبة باسبانيا‬
‫منظور داخلي لقبة مسجد الحمراء باسبانيا‬
 ‫العمارة في الدولة العباسية‬
•  Abbasid dynasty (750- 1258)
moved capital to Baghdad, and
then to Samarra.
• The Great Mosque of
Samarra,Iraq built in 847 AD,
combined the hypostyle
architecture of rows of columns
supporting a flat base above
which a huge
spiraling minaret was
constructed.

Minaret at the Great Mosque of Samarra

‫العمارة في‬
‫الدولة‬
‫العباسية‬

• Other major mosques built in the Abbasid Dynasty include

the Mosque of Ibn Tulun in Cairo 876 AD
• The mosque is constructed around a courtyard, with one
covered hall on each of the four sides, the largest being on
the side of the qibla
• The original mosque had its ablution fountain in the area
between the inner and outer walls
‫العمارة في الدولة العباسية‬

‫‪ ‬مئذنة مسجد أحمد بن طولون‬

 ‫العمارة الفاطمية‬
• Bab al-Futuh gate built by Fatimid vazirBadr al-
Jamali
• the Fatimids followed Tulunid techniques and
used similar materials, but also developed those
of their own.
• In Cairo  al-Azhar mosque  founded along with the
city (969–973), which, together with its adjacent
institution of higher learning al-Azhar University
• Mosque of al-Hakim be Amr Allah (996–1013)  
• monumental gates for Cairo's city walls
commissioned by the powerful Fatimid emir  Badr
al-Jamali(1073–1094).
‫العمارة الفاطمية‬

‫‪ ‬الجامع األزهر‬
‫العمارة الفاطمية‬

‫مسجد الحاكم بأمر هللا‬

‫العمارة الفاطمية‬

‫سور القاهرة وباب الفتوح‬

 ‫العمارة األيوبية‬
• ‫ قلعة الجبل‬built by Saladin (1171-
1193) as part of fortiifcations of
cairo. looking much like castles
built in Syria
• pieces of the giza pyramids, ruined
mosques, and other salvaged
stone were used in its
construction. It includes two
walled enclosures with the
military tothe northeast and the
residential quarters to the
southwest.
 ‫العمارةالمملوكية‬
• two periods1250 to 1382 and is known
as the Bahri Mamluk period because
the dominant Mamluks were based on
Roda island in the Nile delta.
• second period from 1382 to 1517 is
known as the Burji Mamluk period
• Mamluks power through superior
military organization 1260 Sultan
‫مسجد الرفاعي‬
Baybars halt advance of the Mongols
at the battle of 'Ayn Jalut in Palestine.
under Sultan Qalaoun and his son
Khalil in 1291 captured the cities of
Acre, Tyre, Sidon, Beirut and Tripoli
ending the Crusader presence in the
Levant
• Mamluk architecture reflects the
confidence of military success and is
most distinctive Islamic building style
• Development Ayyubids style

‫قبة السلطان برقوق‬

‫مسجد السلطان حسن‪ -‬مصر‬
 ‫استخدام طريقة الحجر األبلق من سمات العمارة المملوكية‬

‫مسجد الظاهر بيبرس‪ -‬مصر‬

‫العمارة السلجوقية‬

‫• حكموا منطقة األناضول وإيران وسوريا‬

‫والعراق من القرن الحادي عشر –القرن‬
‫الثالث عشر‬
‫• مركز بمدينة قونيا‪ ،‬ايرزيرم‪ ،‬قيصري‪،‬‬
‫سيفاس‬
 ‫العمارة السلجوقية‬

‫المدرسة بقونيا بتركيا‬

• a four-iwan plan mosque. kiosk plan mosque consisting of

a domed space with three open sides and wall containing
a mihrab on the qibla side
•  simple design and harmonious proportion
 ‫العمارة العثمانية‬
• Hagia Sophia influenced moslem architecture after Ottomans
captured istanbul from the Byzantines and converted the
basilica to a mosque (now a museum), incorporated Byzantine
architectural elements
• Hagia Sophia served as a model for many other mosques such as
the Suleimania Mosque, and Rüstem Pasha Mosque
• Famous architect Sinan
‫مسجد السلطان سليم‪ ،‬إيدرنه‪ ،‬تركيا‪ ،‬المعماري سنان ‪1575‬م‬
interior view of main dome of Selimiye Mosque, Edirne Turkey
‫العمارة الفارسية‬
Si-yo-se-pol, Isfahan, Iran
‫مسجد الشاه‪ ،‬أصفهان إيران ‪ 1629‬م‬
 Mazar-i-Sharif, Afghanistan
‫مقرنص بمدخل مسجد لطف هللا ‪ ،‬إصفهان إيران ‪ 1618‬م‬
Shah Mosque interior, Isfahan
 ‫عمارة المغل بالهند‬

Taj Mahal, Agra, India

one of the most recognisable buildings in the world
•main characteristic features of Mughal architecture are the
bulbous domes, the slender minarets with cupolas at the four
corners, large halls, massive vaulted gateways and delicate
ornamentation
Badshahi Masjid built in 1674  Lahore , epitomizes beauty and grandeur of Mughal era
Friday Mosque of Herat in Afghanistan
Mosque in Thailand shows influence of Chinese architecture.
 ‫عناصر عمارة‬
‫المسلمون‬
Elements of
Moslem
Architecture
 ‫القباب‬ ‫الحوش‬ ‫األعمدة‬
‫المأذن‬ ‫الفناء‬ ‫العقود‬
‫الصحن‬ ‫السالملك‬ ‫المقرنصات‬
‫الميضة‬ ‫الحراملك‬ ‫العرائس‬
‫اإليوان‬ ‫الملقف‬ ‫الرواشين‬
‫المحراب‬ ‫القاعة‬ ‫المداميك‬
‫النافورة‬ ‫الدرقاعة‬ ‫الكابولي‬
‫الشخشيخة‬ ‫التختبوش‬
 Glossary ‫فهرس‬
• Finaa: courtyard sometimes surrounded by a Rewaq
• Rewaq:domed or roofed arcaded path around a finaa or sahn
• Bustan : fruit gardens.
• Kantra: row of supportuing columns (arcade/colonnade)
• Iwan: carving into mass of a building’s facade associated with main
entrances or prominent building elevations
• Roshan/mashrabiyya: wooden bay windows that allows air into the
building and ensure privacy
• Malqaf/badkeer/Jela: element that draws air into buiding interiors
• Muqarnas: type of corbel that take the form of small pointed niches,
stacked in tiers which project beyond lower tiers, made of brick,
stone, or wood, and typically applied to domes, pendentives,
cornices, squinches and undersides of arches and vaults
• Sabil: drinking water feature or fountain incorporated in a building
facade
• Takhtaboosh: a space annexed to court for male visitors
‫عمارة المسجد‬
‫عمارة المسجد‬
‫عمارة المسجد‬
‫عمارة المسجد‬
‫عمارة المسجد‬
‫عمارة المسجد ‪ -‬القباب ‪Domes‬‬
‫عمارة المسجد‪ -‬الصحن ‪Courtyard‬‬
 ‫ الميضئة‬-‫عمارة المسجد‬
Ablution Kiosk

Fountain in the Courtyard of the Mohammed Ali Mosque, Cairo

 Ablution ‫الميضئة‬

Egypt, Cairo, Fountain in the Court of the Mosque of Sultan Hassan, 1880
Minaret ‫لمأذن‬H‫ا‬
‫عمارة المسجد‪-‬المحراب‪Niche‬‬
‫اإليوان‪-‬اللي‪H‬وان ‪Iwan‬‬
Fountain ‫النافورة‬
 Fountain ‫الفسقية‬

Fountain in Gay
Anderson Museum - Cairo

Cairo: Citadel :detail of a water

fountain in the Mosque of
Mohammed Ali
 Arches ‫العقود‬

Cordoba Mosque
Columns ‫األعمدة‬
Arches ‫العقود‬
Parapet crenellation ‫ئس‬H‫را‬H‫لع‬HH‫ا‬
 squinch ‫المقرنص‬

Alhambra Palace, Granada,Spain Isfahan Royal Mosque entrance

‫المقرنصات‬Squinches
‫المداميك حجر األبلغ‬
‫المقرنصات‬Squinches
‫الكابولي ‪Cantilever‬‬
‫(الكردي)‬
‫ الفناء‬Courtyards & Finaa
‫بيت السحيمي‬ Al Suhaymi House
‫بيت السحيمي‬ Al Suhaymi House
‫السالملك و الحراملك و المدخل‬
‫القاعة و الدرقاعة و الشخشيخة‬
‫الت‪H‬ختبوش‬ ‫المقعد‬
Interlaced wooden screen ‫ية‬H‫لمشرب‬H‫ا‬
‫الملقف‬Wind Catcher
‫ الملقف‬Wind Catcher
Wind Catcher ‫الملقف‬