Formulating Null and Alternative Hypothesis20 21

Statistics and Probability
Formulating Appropriate Null and

Alternative Hypotheses on a
Population Mean/Identifying
Appropriate Test Statistics
Involving Population Mean
After going through this lesson, you are
expected to:
1. identify the notation to be used in formulating
hypotheses;
2. illustrate one-tailed and two-tailed tests;
3. differentiate null and alternative hypotheses;
and
4. formulate null and alternative hypotheses.
5. identify the appropriate form of test statistics
when: (a) the population variance is
assumed to be known; (b) the population
variance is assumed to be unknown; and (c)
the Central Limit Theorem is to be used.
2
Activity 1. No More No Less!
Directions: Which of the given equality/inequality
expressions describes each situation? Select the best
answer.
1. The survey shows that the number of students (n)

who have parents with a house of their own is less than
20.
A. 𝑛 < 20
B. 𝑛 > 20
C. 𝑛 ≤ 20
D. 𝑛 ≥ 20
3
answer.
2. Mother gives me at most P200 allowance (n) in a

week.
A. 𝑛 ≥ 200
B. 𝑛 ≤ 200
C. 𝑛 > 200
D. 𝑛 < 200
4
answer.
3. Larry is an industrious appliance salesman. His

average sales (n) in a week is at least P10, 000.
A. 𝑛 < 10, 000
B. 𝑛 > 10, 000
C. 𝑛 ≤ 10, 000
D. 𝑛 ≥ 10, 000
5
answer.
4. A son’s savings (n) is greater than P1,500.

A. 𝑛 = 1,500
B. 𝑛 ≠ 1,500
C. 𝑛 > 1,500
D. 𝑛 ≥ 1,500
6
answer.
5. Marco’s salary (n) is equal to P20, 000.

A. 𝑛 = 20,000
B. 𝑛 ≠ 20,000
C. 𝑛 ≤ 20,000
D. 𝑛 < 20,000
7
Activity 2. Differentiate It!
Directions: Examine the pictures below then answer
the guide questions that follow.
8
Answer the following questions.
1. What have you observed between the two
figures?
2. Do you think the fertilizer has an effect to the
plant?
3. What do you think are the variables shown
in the pictures?
4. Is there any relationship among the
variables in Figure 1 and Figure 2?
5. How does these pictures relate to
hypothesis?
9
What Is It?
A statistical hypothesis is a statement

about a parameter and deals with
evaluating the value of parameter.
In statistical hypothesis testing, there
are always two hypotheses: the null and
alternative hypotheses. Next slide is a
comparison between the two.
10
Null and Alternative Hypothesis
11
To state the null and alternative hypotheses
correctly:
1. Identify the parameter in a given problem.

2. Identify the claim to be tested that may
show up in null or alternative hypothesis.
3. Translate the claim into mathematical
symbols/notations.
4. Formulate first the null hypothesis (𝐻𝑜)
then alternative hypothesis (𝐻𝑎) based on
the three different ways in writing
hypothesis as illustrated below:
12
To state the null and alternative hypotheses
correctly:
13
14
Example:
“The survey shows that the number of

students (n) who have parents with a
house of their own is less than 20.”
The claim used the word “less than” which

as seen in the table above, corresponds to the
symbol (n<20).
15
16
Illustrative Examples:
1. The average weight of all Grade 11 students in Senior
High School is 169cm. Is this claim true?
Solution: First, identify the parameter which is the mean
height of all Grade 11 students. Since it is a population mean,
use the notation 𝝁. The claim in this example is that the
average weight is 169 cm which translates to 𝝁 = 𝟏𝟔𝟗 and is
considered as null hypothesis. To formulate the alternative
hypothesis, write the complement/opposite of the null
hypothesis which is the average weight is not equal to 169
cm.
𝑯𝒐: The average weight of all Grade 11 students is 169

cm. / 𝑯𝑶:𝝁 = 𝟏𝟔𝟗 (claim)
𝑯𝒂: The average weight of all Grade 11 students is not 169
cm./ 𝑯𝒂: 𝝁 ≠ 𝟏𝟔𝟗
17
2. The average price per square meter of residential lot in
an exclusive subdivision is above ₱15,000. A buyer wants
to test the agent’s claim.
Solution: In this hypothesis, the parameter is the average.

Therefore, you will use the symbol µ. The claim is above
₱15,000 can be written as µ > ₱15,000 and greater than falls
at alternative hypothesis, 𝑯𝒂: 𝝁 > ₱𝟏𝟓, 𝟎𝟎𝟎. Since you have
already formulated the alternative, the null hypothesis will be
𝑯𝒐: 𝝁 ≤ ₱𝟏𝟓, 𝟎𝟎𝟎 as complement of >. You can also write your
null hypothesis as 𝑯𝒐:𝝁 = ₱𝟏𝟓, 𝟎𝟎𝟎. 𝑯𝒐: 𝝁 ≤ ₱𝟏𝟓, 𝟎𝟎𝟎or
𝑯𝒐: 𝝁 = ₱𝟏𝟓, 𝟎𝟎𝟎

𝑯𝒂: 𝝁 > ₱𝟏𝟓, 𝟎𝟎𝟎 (claim)
18
3. Holistic Fitness Center claims that their members
reduced an average of 13 pounds after joining the center.
An independent agency wanted to check this claim took
sample of 40 members and found that they reduced an
average of 12 pounds with the standard deviation of 4
pounds. Determine the null and alternative hypothesis.
19
Solution: In this example, the parameter to be tested is the

average and the claim is reduced of 13 pounds. The claim
that pertains to the parameter has the notation of (<).
Therefore, the claim is found at the alternative hypothesis and
can be written as 𝑯𝒂: 𝝁 < 𝟏𝟑. The null hypothesis would be
𝑯𝒐: 𝝁 ≥ 𝟏𝟑 or 𝑯𝒐: 𝝁 = 𝟏𝟑
𝑯𝒐 : 𝝁 ≥ 𝟏𝟑 or 𝑯𝒐 : 𝝁 = 𝟏𝟑.
𝑯𝒂: 𝝁 < 𝟏𝟑 (claim)
20
4. The treasurer of a municipality claims that the average net
worth of families in the municipality is at least ₱730,000. A
random sample of 50 families from this area produced a
mean net worth of ₱860,000 with standard deviation of
₱65,000. What are the null and alternative hypotheses?
21
Solution: In this example, the parameter is the average and

the claim is that the average is at least ₱730,000. The word at
least has the notation of (≥) which means that the claim is at
the null hypothesis. In the alternative hypothesis, you will use
(< ) as its complement.
Therefore:
𝑯o: µ ≥ ₱𝟕𝟑𝟎, 𝟎𝟎𝟎 or 𝑯o: µ = ₱𝟕𝟑𝟎, 𝟎𝟎𝟎 (claim)
𝑯𝒂: µ < ₱𝟕𝟑𝟎, 000
22
5. An academic organization claimed that Grade 11 students’
study time is at most 240 minutes per day, on average.
Another survey was conducted to find whether the claim is
true. The group took a random sample of 30 students and
found a mean study time of 300 minutes with standard
deviation of 90 minutes. What are the null and alternative
hypotheses?
23
Solution: The parameter used in this example is average (µ)

and the claim is that average is at most 240 minutes. The
word ‘at most’ has the notation of (≤) which means that claim
is at the null hypothesis. The null hypothesis would be 𝑯𝟎: µ ≤
𝟐𝟒𝟎. To formulate the alternative, use the notation (>) as the
complement of (≤). Therefore, alternative hypothesis is
𝑯𝒂: µ > 𝟐𝟒𝟎.
𝑯𝑶: µ ≤ 𝟐𝟒𝟎 or 𝑯𝑶: µ = 𝟐𝟒𝟎 (claim)
𝑯𝒂: µ > 𝟐𝟒0
24
One-Tailed and Two-Tailed Test
25
The table below shows the null and alternative
hypotheses stated together with the directional test.
26
Determine the hypotheses and the hypothesis test.
1. A piggery owner believes that using organic

feeds on his pigs will yield greater income. His
average income from the previous year was
₱120, 000. State the hypothesis and identify
the directional test.
27
Determine the hypotheses and the hypothesis test.
2. The average waiting time of all costumers in

a restaurant before being served is less than
20 minutes. Determine the hypotheses and the
directional test.
28
Activity 1. Is It Zee or Tee?
Write the letter “z” if the statement is a characteristic of
standard normal distribution and “t” if the given characteristic
describes tdistribution.
29
Activity 2: Find Me!
Directions: Determine the needed data for each given
problem. First, read and understand the examples
below before you proceed to the items that follow.
1. The average number of ad clicks per day for

Facebook before was 192,000 and the standard
deviation was 100,000. Sixty-four (64) days after the
redesign, the mean number of ad clicks per day was
200,000.
𝜇 = ______ 𝑥̅= ______ 𝑛 = ______ 𝜎 = ______
30
Activity 2: Find Me!
Directions: Determine the needed data for each given
problem. First, read and understand the examples
below before you proceed to the items that follow.
2. The average life of typical incandescent bulb is 1,500

hours as claimed by a light bulb company. Thinking
that the average life of bulbs is less than what the
company claimed, a client tested a random sample of
55 light bulbs. The rest resulted to sample mean of
1,300 hours and standard deviation of 25 hours. Is
there enough evidence to prove that the average life of
the company’s light bulb is less than 1,500 hours?
𝜇 = ______ 𝑥̅= ______ 𝑛 = ______ 𝑠 = ______
31
What Is It?
Before we move forward to the different test statistics,
it is important to define the following terms:
A population includes all of the elements from a set

of data.
A sample consists of one or more observations drawn

from the population.
Sample mean (𝒙̅) is the mean of sample values

collected.
32
What Is It?
Population mean (µ) is the mean of all the values in

the population. If the sample is randomly selected and
sample size is large, then the sample mean would be a
good estimate of the population mean.
Population standard deviation (𝝈) is a parameter

which is a measure of variability with fixed value
calculated from every individual in the population.
33
What Is It?
Sample standard deviation (𝒔) is a statistic which

means that this measure of variability is calculated
from only some of the individuals in a population.
Population variance (𝝈^𝟐), in the same sense,

indicates how the population data points are spread
out. It is the average of the distances from each data
point in the population to the mean, squared.
34
What Is It?
A test statistic is a random variable that is calculated

from sample data and used in a hypothesis test. You
can use test statistics to determine whether to reject or
accept the null hypothesis. The test statistic compares
your data with what is expected under the null
hypothesis.
35
What Is It?
The table shows what test statistic is appropriate
when:
36
37
1. A manufacturer claimed that the average life of

batteries used in their electronic games is 150
hours. It is known that the standard deviation of
this type of battery is 20 hours. A consumer wished
to test the manufacturer’s claim and accordingly
tested 100 electronic games using the battery. It
was found out that the mean is equal to 144 hours.
Appropriate Test Statistic: _______________
38
2. An English teacher wanted to test whether the

mean reading speed of students is 550 words per
minute. A sample of 12 students revealed a sample
mean of 540 words per minute with a standard
deviation of 5 words per minute. At 0.05 significance
level, is the reading speed different from 550 words
per minute?
39
3. A study was conducted to look at the average time

students exercise. A researcher claimed that in
average, students exercise less than 15 hours per
month. In a random sample size n=115, it was found
that the mean time students exercise is 𝑥̅= 11.3 hours
per month with s = 6.43 hours per month.
40
Activity 3. Mark My Numbers!
Directions: In each problem, underline the population
standard deviation/sample standard deviation and
circle the number of samples. Identify the appropriate
test statistic to be used.
1. A sample of 160 people has a mean age of 27 with a

population standard deviation (σ) of 5. Test the
hypothesis that the population mean is 26.7 at α=0.05.
41
2. An electric lamps manufacturer is testing a new
production method that will be considered acceptable
if the lamps produced by this method result in a
normal population with an average life of 1,300 hours
and a standard deviation equal to 120. A sample of 100
lamps produced by this method has an average life of
1,250 hours.
42
3. The cholesterol levels in a certain population have
mean of 210 and standard deviation 21. The cholesterol
levels for a random sample of 9 individuals are
measured and the sample mean x is determined. What
is the z-score for a sample mean x=180?
43
4. Mabunga Elementary School has 1,000 students.
The principal of the school thinks that the average IQ
of students at Mabunga is at least 110. To prove her
point, she administers an IQ test to 20 randomly
selected students. Among the sampled students, the
average IQ is 108 with a standard deviation of 10.
44
5. A new energy-efficient lawn mower engine was
developed by a well-known inventor. He claims that
the engine will run continuously for 5 hours on a single
gallon of regular gasoline. From his stock of 2,000
engines, the inventor selects a simple random sample
of 50 engines for testing. The engines run for an
average of 295 minutes with a standard deviation of 20
minutes.
45
Activity 2. Fill Me!
Directions: Determine what is asked in each problem
as indicated by the blanks.
1. A school principal claims that the Grade 11

students in her high school have a mean
score of 92.
Parameter: ___________ Null Hypothesis: ___________
Claim: mean score of 92 Alternative Hypothesis: 𝐻𝑎: µ ≠ 92
46
Activity 2. Fill Me!
Directions: Determine what is asked in each problem
as indicated by the blanks.
2. A medicine company has manufactured and

claimed that their medicine pill contains an
average of 14mg of active ingredient.
Parameter: average Null Hypothesis: ___________
Claim: average of 14mg Alternative Hypothesis: ___________
47
Activity 3. Let’ s Hypothesize
Directions: Write the null hypothesis and alternative
hypothesis in notations for each given situation.
1. Mrs. Dela Cruz claims that her students
scored an average of 91 in their
Mathematics quiz. The master teacher
wants to know whether the teacher’s claim is
acceptable or not.
𝐻𝑜: _______________________________________________
𝐻𝑎: _______________________________________________
48
Activity 3. Let’ s Hypothesize
Directions: Write the null hypothesis and alternative
hypothesis in notations for each given situation.
2. A car manufacturer claims that the mean
selling price of all cars manufactured is only
₱150,000. A consumer agency wants to test
whether the mean selling price of all the cars
manufactured exceeds ₱150, 000.
𝐻𝑜: _______________________________________________
𝐻𝑎: _______________________________________________
49
Activity 4. One-Tailed or Two-Tailed!
Directions: Identify whether the given hypothesis is
one-tailed or two-tailed. Write ONE if it is one-tailed
and TWO if it is two-tailed test.
1. A used car dealer says that the mean price
car in the Philippines is at least ₱350,000.
50
2. PAG-ASA reported that the mean annual
rainfall in the Philippines is at most 4,064mm.
51
3. According to the survey, the average cost of
visiting doctors is ₱500.
52
END
McClave, Statistics, 11th ed. Chapter 4: Discrete

Random Variables 53

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Formulating Null and Alternative Hypothesis20 21

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Statistics and Probability

Formulating Appropriate Null and

1. The survey shows that the number of students (n)

2. Mother gives me at most P200 allowance (n) in a

3. Larry is an industrious appliance salesman. His

4. A son’s savings (n) is greater than P1,500.

5. Marco’s salary (n) is equal to P20, 000.

A statistical hypothesis is a statement

1. Identify the parameter in a given problem.

“The survey shows that the number of

The claim used the word “less than” which

𝑯𝒐: The average weight of all Grade 11 students is 169

Solution: In this hypothesis, the parameter is the average.

𝑯𝒐: 𝝁 = ₱𝟏𝟓, 𝟎𝟎𝟎

Solution: In this example, the parameter to be tested is the

Solution: In this example, the parameter is the average and

Solution: The parameter used in this example is average (µ)

1. A piggery owner believes that using organic

2. The average waiting time of all costumers in

1. The average number of ad clicks per day for

2. The average life of typical incandescent bulb is 1,500

A population includes all of the elements from a set

A sample consists of one or more observations drawn

Sample mean (𝒙̅) is the mean of sample values

Population mean (µ) is the mean of all the values in

Population standard deviation (𝝈) is a parameter

Sample standard deviation (𝒔) is a statistic which

Population variance (𝝈^𝟐), in the same sense,

A test statistic is a random variable that is calculated

1. A manufacturer claimed that the average life of

Appropriate Test Statistic: _______________

2. An English teacher wanted to test whether the

3. A study was conducted to look at the average time

Appropriate Test Statistic: _______________

1. A sample of 160 people has a mean age of 27 with a

1. A school principal claims that the Grade 11

Parameter: ___________ Null Hypothesis: ___________

Claim: mean score of 92 Alternative Hypothesis: 𝐻𝑎: µ ≠ 92

2. A medicine company has manufactured and

Parameter: average Null Hypothesis: ___________

Claim: average of 14mg Alternative Hypothesis: ___________

McClave, Statistics, 11th ed. Chapter 4: Discrete

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Parameter: _ Null Hypothesis: _