Inheritance Patterns

Incomplete dominance
Co dominance
Incomplete Dominance
Snapdragon plants  What happens when a
true breeding red
snapdragon
 crosses with a
True breeding white
snapdragon?
Result?
The F1 generation
are all heterozygous
Pink

What happened to
these traits? Did they
blend?
F2 generation yielded…

F1 F2
1 red: 2 pink: 1 white (different than that of Mendel’s
F2 monohybrid cross ratio of 3:1)
Conclusion: traits do not blend
 Explanation:
 Genes code for specific
proteins
 Most are enzymes with
different degrees of
catalytic activity
 In this case,
 One allele (R) codes for
an enzyme that produces
red pigment
Conclusion: traits do not blend
 The other allele (CW) codes for
an enzyme that does not
produce pigment
 So, heterozygous plants
 (CRCW), with only one allele
for the functional enzyme
produces just enough red
pigment to display pink. (not
completely dominant!)
 2 alleles with functional
enzymes (CRCR) produce
enough pigment to show red
 Incomplete dominance

 A condition in which the heterozygous

phenotype is intermediate between the 2
homozygous phenotypes
 We use CRCW (not Rr) to indicate
incomplete dominance
PLEASE NOTE!!!!
 IB REFERS TO THESE PROBLEMS AS
CODOMINANCE BECAUSE BOTH
ALLELES EXPRESS PROTEIN
(ENZYMES)
 **ASSUME THESE PROBLEMS, WHEN
GIVEN, ARE CO-DOMINANT!
Sample problem
 In four O’clock plants, 1. The F1 generation?
red flowers are
incompletely dominant
over white flowers. The
heterozygous flowers are
pink. If a red-flowered
four o’clock plant is
crossed with a white-
flowered four o’clock
plant, what will be the
flower colour of
Solution
 What is required?
 The flower colour of F1 generation?

 What is given?
 Red flowers (CRCR) incompletely dominant
 White flowers (CWCW )
 Heterozygous flowers (CRCW) are pink
Carry out solution…

The F1 generation is all pink

Your turn…
 In four O’clock plants,  The F1 generation
red flowers are crossed with its red
incompletely dominant
parent?
over white flowers. The
heterozygous flowers are
pink. If a red-flowered  The F1 generation
four o’clock plant is
crossed with its white
crossed with a white-
flowered four o’clock parent?
plant, what will be the
flower colour of
 Results:
CR CW CR CW

CR CRCR CRCW CW CRCW CWCW

CR CCR R
CC
R W CW CRCW CWCW

2 red, 2 pink 2 white, 2 pink

 Co dominance
 Sometimes, both alleles of a given
characteristic are dominant
 Therefore, in heterozygotes, both alleles
are expressed.
I.e. Black rooster is crossed with
a white hen
 Result?

 Black and white

plumage
 Both colours were
expressed
Multiple alleles
 In addition to co dominance,
 Many genes may have multiple alleles:
 More than two alleles available to
determine the phenotype of an organism

 I.e. co dominance & multiple alleles

 I.e. ABO blood group
 There are 3 different
alleles for blood type:
 IA
 A is dominant to O
 IB  B is dominant to O
 i
 Each type indicates a  AB are both co
specific glycoprotein dominant
present on blood cells
 (People with type O have
no glycoproteins on their
blood cells)
 (People with AB have both
types present)
Sample problem
 If a woman has blood type AB, and a man
has blood type A, what possible blood
types will their children have?
 What is required?
 Possible blood types
of children?
 What is given?
 Woman AB IAIB
 Man A IAIA or IAi
 Solution:

IA IB IA IB

IA IA
IAIA IAIB IAIA IAIB

IA IAIA IAIB i IAi IBi

2 type A, 2 type AB 2 type A, 1 type AB, 1 type B

Your turn…
 Suppose a man with  What is required?
blood type B marries  Possible blood types
a woman with type of children
AB blood. What
blood types would  What is given?
you expect to find  Man – IBIBor IBi
among their children?  Woman - IAIB
 Solution:
IB IB IB i

IA IA
I I
A B
I I
A B
IAIB IAi

IB IBIB IBIB IB IB I B IBi

2 type AB, 2 type B 1 type AB, 2 type B, 1 type A