Presentation on

Unbound Pavement Construction Materials

Submitted To:
SUBMITTED BY: Dr. Naresh Kazi Tamrakar
AAKRITI KOIRALA Associate Professor
CLASS ROLL NO.: 18 Central Department of Geology,

ENGINEERING GEOLOGY, THIRD SEMESTER Tribhuvan University,

Kirtipur, Kathmandu, Nepal
Table of content

Introduction

Desirable properties of aggregates for unbound

pavement

Resistance to wear

Influence of aggregate properties on degrading

Influence of moisture content on degradation

Introduction
 Pavement, in civil engineering, durable surfacing of a road, airstrip, or
similar area.
 The primary function of a pavement is to transmit loads to the sub-base and
underlying soil.
 Modern flexible pavements contain sand and gravel or crushed stone
compacted with a binder of bituminous material, such as asphalt, tar, or
asphaltic oil. Such a pavement has enough plasticity to absorb shock.
 Rigid pavements are made of concrete, composed of coarse and
fine aggregate and portland cement, and usually reinforced with steel rod or
mesh.
Type of Pavements :

Flexible pavement-
having less flexural
strength, acts like a
flexible sheet (e.g.
bituminous road).

Rigid pavements-wheel
loads are transferred to
sub-grade soil by
flexural strength of the
pavement and the
pavement acts like a
rigid plate (e.g. cement
concrete roads)
Typical flexible pavement Bitumen macadam being laid over on unbound
construction layers sub-base
 DESIGN FACTOR
The various factors to be considers
for the design of pavements:
 Design wheel load
 Sub-grade soil
 Climatic factors
 Pavement component materials
 Environmental factor.
 What is Unbound Pavement?

Pavements containing basal structural layers of subbase and/or base course and surface
layers without binding material like asphalt or cement are considered unbound pavements.

It is permeable and designed to flow into drains and not through the system

Bituminous Binders not a

unbound pavement
 Function of Unbound Pavement

● a working platform for

construction
● a structural layer (load spreading
and resistance)
● a replacement for frost-susceptible
subgrade (if necessary)
● a drainage layer
The main use in the UK is as sub-
base
Unbound pavement aggregates
Fig: Unbound pavement construction material
Types and features of aggregates (source) for pavement

Unbound
Aggregates

Primary Secondary
Aggregates Aggregates
Primary Aggregates (natural
aggregate)
 extracted from the ground in quarries
 Primary aggregates are produced from naturally occurring
mineral deposits, extracted specifically for use as aggregate
and used for the first time.
 Most construction aggregates are produced from hard, strong
rock formations by crushing to produce crushed rock
aggregate or from naturally occurring particulate deposits
such as sand and gravel.
Sources of Primary Aggregates

Igneous rocks

Aggregates
Primary Sedimentary
rocks

Metamorphic
rocks
 a. Igneous rocks
 unweathered usually hard, due to the
nature of the silicate minerals from which
Major Properties they are formed, and strong, due to the
interlocking nature of the constituent
 Hard and durable minerals
 Resistant to abrasion

 In addition the plutonic varieties rich in
Low absorption of water
 Fine grained to coarse mica tend to show less resistance to
grained texture abrasion than those containing
 Very good for bituminous appreciable quantities of hornblende and
courses and cement augite.
concrete pavements • Granite
• Basalt (Trap)
b. Sedimentary rocks and unconsolidated sediments
Sedimentary rocks to be used as aggregates: sandstones and
limestones  Reasonably hard and
durable
Sandstone: quartzites tend to show the greatest strength due  Liable to a smooth
to the near complete cementation with secondary silica polish
 Fine grained
Limestone: Carboniferous limestones tend to be lower in  High absorption of
strength due to incomplete cementation but limestones of water
the Carboniferous and earlier periods frequently possess  Kankar
aggregate crushing values equal to many igneous rocks. • Soft to medium
hard
• Good for sub-base
Excessive amounts of clay mineral in argillaceous Silurian
and base courses
limestones have been known to lead to base failure in road
sites
c. Metamorphic rocks

Foliated varieties
 owing to the preferential
orientation of flaky
minerals (slaty, schistose
and gneissose textures)
 comparatively low in Non-foliated varieties
toughness and wearing  e.g. hornfels and some
resistance gneisses more or less
complete recrystallization
of quartz and other
minerals has occurred
 often rich in hornblende,
augite and garnet, are
extremely hard and tough
Secondary Aggregates (Artificial aggregates)
It is defined as
 Aggregates obtained as a by-product of other quarrying and mining
operations, such as china clay waste, slate waste etc.
 Aggregates obtained as a by-product of other industrial processes, such as
blast furnace/steel slag, coal-fired power station ash, incinerator ash, and
spent foundry sand.
 recycled from construction waste
 In European specifications, mineral waste sold as aggregate is classified as a
natural aggregate, and by-product aggregate derived from industrial processes is
classed as manufactured aggregate.
Sources of Secondary Aggregates
Colliery spoil

Secondary Aggregates
Spent oil shale

Demolition wastes

Wastes from quarries

Incinerated refuse
Metallurgical slags
Colliery spoil
 Most colliery spoil now available is unburnt and is not used as
unbound aggregate.
 Well burnt colliery shale, if available, is potentially suitable,
 Frost susceptibility can be a problem

Spent oil shale

 Oil shale waste used successfully in Scotland as sub-base
and as capping on the M9.

Demolition wastes
 Crushed concrete: used in unbound sub-bases for many years.
 Demolition needs to be processed to reduce contaminants (wood,
glass, plastics etc.) to a minimal level.
Wastes from quarries
 from the quarrying or mining of metal ores,
 Care: since they may have high concentrations of hazardous metallic
components.

Incinerated refuse
Incineration of solid urban wastes yields materials which when cooled in water
and screened may be used in capping and sub-bases.

Metallurgical slags
 By-products from the metallurgical industry
 used in the construction of the unbound layers of flexible pavements
 include blast furnace slag and the much less common non ferrous slags of
copper, nickel, zinc, tungsten etc.
Desirable properties of aggregates for unbound pavement

Strength

Absorption Hardness

Adhesion Desirable
with Toughness
bitumen Properties

Free from
Durability
Deleterious
Shape of
aggregates
 1. Strength

The aggregates used in top

layers are subjected to
(i) Stress action due to
traffic wheel load,
(ii) Wear and tear,
(iii) crushing.
 2. Hardness
 aggregates are subjected to constant rubbing or abrasion due to moving traffic.
 aggregates should be hard enough to resist the abrasive action caused by the movements of
traffic.
 abrasive action is severe when steel tyred vehicles moves over the aggregates exposed at the
top surface

Tests
a. Los angeles abrasion test
b. Deval abrasion test
c. Polished stone test

Fig: Los angeles abrasion test Fig: Deval abrasion test

 Los Angeles test

Take 5 kg of sieved sample

30 RPM(astm)
Los Angeles test cont.
Los Angeles test cont.

Abrasion=(w1-w2)/w1*100

Lower the value greater the hardness

Base course: 30%
Sub base course: 40%
3. Toughness
 Resistance of the aggregates to impact:
toughness
 Aggregates used in the pavement
should be able to resist the effect
caused by the jumping of the steel
tyred wheels
 one particle to another at different
levels causes severe impact on the
aggregates
 Test: Impact test
Toughness test (aggregate impact value test)
Oven dried for 4 hr
( 104 degree C )

12.5

Retain samples is taken

10mm
Toughness test (contd..)
Toughness test (contd..)

2.36mm
15 blows
Working Formula for aggregate impact test

Aggregate impact value = (B/A)*100

A = weight of oven dried sample

B = weight of fraction passing
d. Shape of aggregates

 Aggregates which happen to fall in a particular size range may have

rounded, cubical, angular, flaky or elongated particles.
 flaky and elongated particles will have less strength and durability
when compared with cubical, angular or rounded particles of the same
aggregate.
 Hence too flaky and too much elongated aggregates should be avoided
as far as possible.
 Tests: flakiness index, elongation index, angularity number
Flakiness=( wt. of flaky materials from the
whole test / Total wt.of sample) * 100%
 e. Adhesion with bitumen

 aggregates used in bituminous pavements

should have less affinity with water when
compared with bituminous materials,
otherwise the bituminous coating on the
aggregate will be stripped off in presence
of water
 More affinity towards water results in
stripping off of bitumen
 Test: Stripping test
f. Durability/Soundness

property of aggregates to withstand

adverse action of weather: soundness.

aggregates are subjected to the physical

and chemical action of rain and bottom
water

impurities there-in and that of atmosphere

hence it is desirable that the road

aggregates used in the construction
should be sound enough to withstand the Fig: Slake Durability test
weathering action
g. Free from deleterious particles

wood,
coal, light
Unsound mica weight
particles
chert

Silts and
Salts crusher
dusts

Organic Deletrious Clays

impurities
constituents
h. Surface texture
 Workability and pavement strength are influenced by surface texture.
 A rough, sandpapery texture results in a higher strength than a smooth texture.
 Although smooth-faced aggregates are easy to coat with an asphalt film, they are
generally not as good as rough surfaces. It is harder for the asphalt to “grip” the
smooth surface.

i. Absorption
 The porosity of an aggregate permits the aggregate to absorb asphalt and form a
bond between the particle and the asphalt.
 A degree of porosity is desired, but aggregates that are highly absorbant are
generally not used.
 Resistance to wear
Wear is mechanically induced surface damage that results in the progressive removal of
material due to relative motion between that surface and a contacting substance or
substances

Fig: Mechanism of wearing

 Wear Resistance is related to properties of Strength
(Aggregate Hardness)
 Road surfacing aggregates are required to be hard
wearing and skid resistant; sandstone or igneous rock
aggregates are generally preferred for this purpose.
These materials are the premium products of the
quarrying industry.
 Good wear resistance to surface abrasion by tyres,
runoff and wind erosion is needed.
 Angular and rough-textured but weak rock
fragments are preferred to rounded river gravels.
 Different test are done for the Wear Resistance of
aggregates.
Process of degradation of particle in the pavement or in laboratory
testing
crushing load is applied

the load is transmitted to the solid through its protruding points

leading to the crushing of these points

formation of larger contact areas

Los Angeles Abrasion Test

load is increased, either the crushing or Deval Apparatus
flexural strength is exceeded and a crack is Aggregate Impact Value Test
formed, leading to particle breakage Polished Stone Value Test
Types of degradation
• the breakage of particles into approximately equal
Type 1
parts;

• the breakage or crushing of angular projections which

Type 2
may exist on the exterior surface of the particles;

• the grinding of small-scale asperities off the major

Type 3
faces or planes of the particles.
Types of degradation
 non-crushed high sphericity rounded gravels will only experience type-1 degradation as
will parallel sided slabby particles.
 Angular cubical particles and tapering rod, disc and blade-like particles will
often experience type-2 degradation before any type-1 breakage occurs.
 Weakly cemented sedimentary rock particles and surface weathered rock
particles will be susceptible mainly to type-3 degradation.
 Attrition eventually degrade the particles to their individual crystal or grain
sizes.
 Influences on Degradation

Influence of
grading
Influence of
Influence of
particle
moisture
shape and
content
size

Degradation
 Influence of Grading on Aggregate Degradation

F. Tahmoorian, B. Samali, Laboratory investigations on the utilization of RCA in asphalt mixtures, Int. J. Pavement Res. Technol. (2018),
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijprt.2018.05.002
 Influence of Particle Shape and Size on Degradation
The strength of a particular rock type (as distinct from aggregate strength) is an intrinsic property of
the rock itself but both shape and size of particle affect the strength of an aggregate as measured in
laboratory tests and as encountered in service.
Examples
1. The effect of flakiness index upon aggregate impact value of a variety of petrological types (Ramsay 1965)

the greater degradation of flaky

(and of elongate) particles of a is associated
, given size (i.e. volume) with the greater bending moments that can be
applied to given cross sectional areas
 Influence of Particle Shape and Size on Degradation
Example
2. The effect of size of particle upon aggregate crushing value (Markwick & Shergold 1945).

Materials tested :
Fairly representative of roadstone as a whole.
Result:
The smaller sizes of aggregate are in general
stronger than the larger-that is, they have a
lower aggregate crushing value.
Variation:
,
It will also be observed that the variation is
not the same for each sample : the limestone
shows most variation and the s1ag least.

Reason:
The larger pieces of stone having larger
fissures and more planes of weakness, along
which the stone breaks preferentially, than the
smaller aggregate. Relation Between Aggregate Size and Aggregate
Crushing Value for Five Different Rock Types
 Influence of Moisture Content
The British test Specifications for the ten per cent fines value (TFV) (BS 812 Pt 111, 1990) and for
aggregate impact value (AIV) (BS 812 Pt 112), but not ACV (BS 812 Pt 110).
Test Procedure

Soaked Oven Dry

Condition Condition
Aggregate strength falls with increasing moisture content..

Researcher Material Type (Some) Loss in strength in saturated

Example. state
Markwick & Shergold Igneous rock 40%
(1945)
Irwin (1959) – Lateritic gravels 20%
{Reported by Limestone 80%
Hosking & Tubey (1969)}
Murram gravels >20%
Coral limestone from the 38%
Bahamas
 Influence of Moisture Content

 Shergold & Hosking (1963) compared results of tests on dried and

water saturated samples of various low grade argillaceous and gritty
rocks from the UK.
 For aggregate judged on engineering experience to be acceptable,
modified aggregate impact tests showed about 17% loss in strength
while the modified 10% fines value fell by 24%.
 For unacceptable, 35% loss in the modified aggregate impact test
and 63% loss in the modified 10% fines test.
Thank You for giving Time !!!