Aggregates for Use in Concrete METHODS OF EXTRACTION & PROCESSING

Fine Aggregate is defined as the aggregate Underwater Sources, Aggregate is brought up

passing No. 4 (4.76 mm ) sieve and retained on from lake and river bottoms by barge-mounted
the No. 200 (74-micron) sieve. dredges with a single scoop or an endless chain
of scoops and by dragline. Barges are loaded and
Sand, Granular material almost entirely passes transported to shore, where their cargoes of
the No. 4 (4.76-mm) sieve and is retained on the aggregate are unloaded and stockpiled.
No. 200 (74-micron) sieve, resulting from natural
disintegration and abrasion of rock or processing Land Sources, Aggregates are excavated from
of completely friable sandstone. natural banks, pits, or mines on land by bucket
loaders, power shovels, draglines, and power
Coarse Aggregate, that portion of an aggregate scrapers. If crushed rock is to be used as
retained on No. 4 (4.76-mm ) sieve. aggregate, it must be blasted loose with
Gravel is that portion of an aggregate retained on explosives and then crushed by machinery to the
the No. 4 (4.76-mm) sieve and resulting from size desired. Crushing provides a finished product
natural disintegration and abrasion of rock or of uniform size, and by proper blasting.
processing of weakly bound conglomerate.
Bank Gravel, Gravel found in natural deposits,
usually more or less intermixed with fine material,
such as sand or clay, or combinations thereof;
gravelly clay, gravelly sand, clayey gravel, and
sandy gravel indicate the varying proportions of
the materials in the mixture.
Crushed Gravel, the product resulting from the
artificial crushing of gravel with substantially all
fragments having at least one face resulting from
fracture.
Crushed Stone, the product resulting from the
artificial crushing of rocks, boulders, or large
cobblestones, substantially all faces of which
have resulted from the crushing operation.
Crushed Rock is the product resulting from the
artificial crushing of all rock, all faces of which
have resulted from the crushing operation or
blasting.

MINIMUM TEST REQUIREMENT

Fine Aggregate
Quantity:
1) 0.50 m3/ m3 concrete (if rounded coarse
aggregate used)
2) 0.54 m3/ m3 concrete (if angular coarse
aggregate used)
Tests: for every 1,500 m3 or fraction thereof:
a. For a source not yet tested or failed in a
previous quality test:
1-Quality Test
 Grading
 Elutriation (wash)
 Bulk specific gravity
 Absorption
 Mortar Strength
b. For a source previously tested and passed
quality test:
1-Quality Test
 Grading
 Elutriation (wash)
 Bulk specific gravity
 Absorption
 Mortar Strength

Coarse Aggregate
Quantity:
1) 0.77 m3/ m3 concrete (if rounded coarse
aggregate used)
2) 0.68 m3/ m3 concrete (if angular coarse
aggregate used)
Tests: for every 1,500 m3 or fraction thereof:
a. For a source not yet tested or failed in previous
quality
test:
1-Quality Test
 Grading
 Bulk specific gravity
 Absorption
 Abrasion
b. For a source previously tested and passed
quality test:
1-Quality Test
 Grading
 Bulk specific gravity
 Absorption
 Abrasion
PRACTICE PROBLEMS

LESSON 2 CEMENT
PORTLAND CEMENT CONCRETE
CONCRETE HAS MANY CHARACTERISTICS
THAT MAKE IT SUCH A WIDELY USED
CONSTRUCTION MATERIAL.
(1) AVAILABILITY OF RAW MATERIALS;
(2) AVAILABILITY OF CONCRETE TO TAKE THE
SHAPE OF THE FORM IT IS PLACED IN;
(3) AVAILABILITY OF CONCRETE TO MODIFY
PROPERTIES SUCH AS STRENGTH,
DURABILITY,
ECONOMY, WATERTIGHTNESS, & ABRASION
RESISTANCE.
TO ENSURE A LEVEL OF CONSISTENCY
BETWEEN CEMENT-PRODUCING PLANTS,
CERTAIN CHEMICAL AND PHYSICAL LIMITS
ARE PLACED ON CEMENT. THESE CHEMICAL
LIMITS ARE DEFINED BY VARIETY OF
STANDARDS & SPECIFICATIONS.
TYPES OF PORTLAND CEMENT (ASTM C150)
TYPE I (NORMAL)
This type is a general concrete construction
cement utilized when the special properties of the
other types are not required. It is used where the
concrete will not be subjected to sulfate attack
from soil or water or be exposed to severe
weathering conditions. It is generally not used in
large masses because of the heat generated due
to hydration. Its uses include pavements and
sidewalks, reinforced concrete buildings, bridges,
railway structures, tanks, reservoirs, culverts,
water pipes, and masonry units.
TYPE II (MODERATE HEAT OR MODIFIED)
This cement is used where resistance to
moderate sulfate attack is important, as in areas
where sulfate concentration in groundwater is
higher than normal but not severe. Type II
cements produce less heat of hydration than Type
I, hence their use in structures of mass such as
piers, abutments, and retaining walls. They are
used in warm-weather concreting because of their
lower temperature rise than Type I. The use of
Type II for highway pavements will give the
contractor more time to saw control joints
because of the lower heat generation and
resulting slower setting and hardening.
TYPE III (HIGH EARLY STRENGTH)
These cements are used where an early strength
gain is important and heat generation is not a
critical factor. When forms have to be removed for
reuse as soon as possible, Type III supplies the
strength required in shorter periods of time than
the other types. In cold-weather concreting, Type
III allows a reduction in the heated curing time
with no loss in strength.
TYPE IV (LOW HEAT)
Type IV cement is used where the rate and
amount of heat generated must be minimized.
The strength development for Type IV is at a
slower rate than Type I. It is primarily used in
large mass placements such as gravity dams
where the amount of concrete at any given time is
so large that the temperature rise resulting from
heat generation during hardening becomes a
critical factor.
TYPE V (SULFATE-RESISTING)
Type V is primarily used where the soil or
groundwater contains high sulfate concentrations
and the structure would be exposed to severe
sulfate attack. Sulphate or Sulfate resisting
Cement has the property of resistance to
mineralized water containing sulphates and is
mainly used in underwater construction. This kind
of cement increases the durability of concrete
when subjected to aggressive environmental
conditions reducing the risk of deterioration and
structural failure.
 development as Type I cement, and both have
the same compressive strength requirements
PORTLAND-POZZOLAN CEMENT
IP, IP-A, P, and P-A designate the portland-
pozzolan cements with the “A” denoting air-
entraining additives as specified in ASTM C595.
They are used principally for large hydraulic
structures such as bridge piers and dams. These
cements are manufactured by inter-grinding
portland cement clinker with a suitable pozzolan
such as volcanic ash, fly ash from power plants,
AIR-ENTRAINING PORTLAND CEMENTS
or diatomaceous earth, or by blending the
ASTM C175 governs the air-entraining cements, portland cement or portland blast-furnace slag
Types IA, IIA, and IIIA. The three cements cement and a pozzolan.
correspond to Types I, II, and III, with the addition
MASONRY CEMENT
of small quantities of air-entraining materials
integrated with the clinker during the Type I and Type II masonry cements are
manufacturing process. Concrete made with manufactured to conform to ASTM C91 and
these cements contains microscopic air bubbles, contain portland cement air-entraining additives,
separated, uniformly distributed, and so small that and materials selected for their ability to impart
there are many billions in a cubic foot workability, plasticity, and water-retention
properties to the masonry mortars
OIL WELL CEMENT
Oil well cement is used for sealing oil wells. It is
usually slow setting and resistant to high
pressures and temperatures. The American
Petroleum Institute Specifications for Oil Well
Cements (API standard 10A) cover requirements
WHITE PORTLAND CEMENT for six classes of cements. Each class is
applicable for use at a certain range of well
White portland cement is a true portland cement, depths. Conventional portland cements are also
its color being the principal difference between it used with suitable set-modifying admixtures.
and normal portland cement. The selected raw
materials used in the manufacture of white WATERPROOF PORTLAND CEMENT
cement have negligible amounts of iron and
Waterproof portland cement is manufactured by
manganese oxide, and the process of
the addition of a small amount of calcium,
manufacture is controlled to produce the white
aluminum, or other stearate to the clinker during
color. Its primary use is for architectural concrete
final grinding. It is manufactured in either white or
products, cement paints, tile grouts, and
gray color and is used to reduce water
decorative concrete. Its use is recommended
penetration through the concrete.
wherever white or colored concrete or mortar is
desired. Colored concretes are produced by using
a coloring additive, and the white cement allows
for more accurate control of colors desired.
PORTLAND BLAST-FURNACE SLAG CEMENT
In these cements, granulated blast-furnace slag
of selected quality is interground with portland
cement. The slag is obtained by rapidly chilling or
quenching molten slag in water, steam, or air.
There are two types for this, (1) Type IS
“Portland-Slag Cement” & (2) Type IS-A These
cements can be used in general concrete
construction when the specific properties of the
other types are not required. However, moderate
heat of hydration (MH), moderate sulfate
resistance (MS), or both are optional provisions.
Type IS has about the same rate of strength