MARATHWADA MITRA MANDAL'S

COLLEGE OF ARCHITECTURE
(2021-22)

BUILDING CONSTRUCTION AND MATERIALS - III

CONCRETE:
Ingredients, Admixture/additives, manufacturing/mixing, placing,
curing & testing
COURSE OBJECTIVES:
· To introduce students to soil study, its relevance to foundation.
· To introduce students to different building materials related to RCC construction.
· To understand basic principles of RCC construction w.r.t. smaller spans.

COURSE CONTENT:
UNIT II: Reinforced Cement Concrete
• Cement: Composition of cement, properties, grades of cement & various types of cement and
their uses.
• Introduction to concrete as a material--Study of its ingredients viz. binding material, fine
aggregate, coarse aggregate and water cement ratio, storage of materials on site,
understanding good quality material; field & lab tests involved
• Various concrete mixes and their application in construction, and workability of concrete,
Various types of cement concrete, the properties and application, additives and admixtures
used in concrete
• Concreting: form work for concreting, mixing, transporting and placing, consolidating and
curing of concrete.
• Reinforcement ---steel, grades of steel and steel-mesh reinforcement; along with role of
reinforcement in RCC.
• Introduction to the concept of Precast Concrete.
Where have you seen the application
of concrete?
 Concrete

Properties, types, Form work for concrete,

Constituents of
defects, quality Mixing, transporting &
Concrete
tests etc. Placing concrete – process
and procedure

Discussion on each
Additives and
constituent (their
Admixtures to
role, properties,
improve the
types, quality tests
desired qualities
etc)

Concrete as a material Working with Concrete

 What is Cement Concrete?

• Cement Concrete is one of the

most commonly used building
materials.

• Cement Concrete is a composite

material made from several
available constituents (Cement,
Fine aggregate, Coarse aggregate
+ water).

• Cement Concrete is a versatile

material that can easily be mixed
to meet a variety of special needs
and formed to virtually any
shape.
 CONCRETE

THE PANTHEON

ROMAN CONCRETE
LIMESTONE + VOLCANIC ASH(Superheated
and rapidly cooled)= Pozzolanic cement
 Constituents of Modern Day Cement Concrete

• Cement/ Cementitious
Materials

• Fine Aggregates

• Coarse Aggregates

• Additives & Admixtures

• Water
 What we’ve learnt so far

Which civilization was the first to use Concrete in construction? Roman Civilization

What is Roman Concrete made of? Limestone & Volcanic Ash

What are the constituents of Cement Concrete? 1. Cement/ cementitious

material
2. Fine Aggregates
3. Coarse Aggregates
4. Additives & Admixtures
5. Water
 Cement in Cement Concrete
Cement or Portland cement
Portland Cements are hydraulic cements, meaning they react and harden chemically with the
addition of water.
Cement contains limestone or chalk (which contributes Calcium Oxide CaO) and Clay or
slate(which contributes oxides of silica SiO2, alumina Al2O3 and iron Fe2O3) blended and heated
to 1200 to 1500C°. The resulting product "clinker" is then ground to the consistency of powder.
Gypsum (CaSO4 2H2O) is added to control setting time. (Initial setting time of 30mins and final
setting time of 10hours)
 Cement in Cement Concrete
Hydration of Cement
Hydration of cement leads to formation of hydrates of silica & Alumina, through an exothermic
reaction, which results in hardened mass.
C3S & C3A are the major components responsible for the heat of hydration that results from the
exothermic reaction.
Contributors to heat evolutions
C3A > C3S > C4AF > C2S
In Hot climatic zone, the temperature
outside and the heat of hydration
causes water to evaporate faster
thereby affecting the process of
hydration
 Types of Cement
1. Ordinary Portland Cement (OPC)- most widely used type of cement, which is suitable for all
general concrete construction. Available in 3 grades 33 grade, 43 grade & 53 grade. The no.s
33, 43, 53 represents the 28 days compressive strength of cement mortar in N/mm2

2. Portland Pozzolana Cement (PPC) – Pozzolanic materials (Fly ash, volcanic ash, and
Calcinated clay or silica fumes.) are natural or synthetic materials that contain silica in
reactive forms. High resistance to chemical attack (sulfate and alkali attack). Relatively slow
strength gain, relatively high heat of hydration, needs more curing. Used for hydraulic
structures, marine structures, construction near the seashore, dam construction, etc.

3. Rapid Hardening Cement – Similar to OPC but finer particles. Achieves strength at a faster
rate. Used where speed of construction is needed - Precast concrete work, road work etc.

4. Quick setting cement – Strength characteristics are is similar to OPC but sets faster (initial
setting time of 5 mins and final setting time of 30 mins). Used for underwater construction,
rainy/cloudy area, high temperature area (as water evaporates quickly) etc.
 Types of Cement
5. Low Heat Cement - produces low heat of hydration during the setting. desirable for mass
concreting purposes like gravity dams

6. Sulphates resisting cement – resists sulphate attack due to lowering of C3A component.
Used in areas where concrete comes in contact with ground water or soil with high
sulphates, ETPs, Chemical industries etc.

7. Blast Furnace Slag Cement - cement clinker and granulated blast furnace slag are
intergraded to make blast furnace cement. Can replace up to 65% of cement requirement in
the concrete. Provides high resistance to sulphates.

8. High Alumina Cement - obtained by mixing calcining bauxite (aluminum ore). Increases
initial setting time to 3.5hours and decreases final setting time to 5 hours. Gains very high
strength. Used in areas where concrete is subjected to very high temp. (workshops,
refineries, foundries, etc. ), frost or acidic action)
 What we’ve learnt so far

What are the raw materials for Modern cement? 1. Lime stone or Chalk
2. Clay or slate

What do we get from Limestone? Oxide of Calcium

What do we get from Clay? Oxides of Silica, Alumina &

Ferrous

Why is gypsum added to Clinker? To control the setting time

What is the initial & final setting time cement? 30mins & 10 hrs
 What we’ve learnt so far

What does 33, 43 & 53 mean in OPC grades? Their 28 days compressive
strength in N/mm2

Name few pozzolanic materials Fly Ash, Volcanic Ash,

Calcinated clay, Silica fumes

Where is Rapid Hardening cement used? Precast concrete work, road

work etc

Which cement is used to resist sulphate attack? Portland pozzolana cement,

Sulphate resisting cement and
blast furnace slag cement
What is the initial & final setting time of High alumina
3.5 hrs & 5 hrs
cement? Where is it used?
Used to resist high temp.,
frost & acid attack
 Quality Assessment Tests for Cement
1. Date of packing

2. Presence of lumps

3. Color test Loses strength after 3 months

from the date of packing.
Strength Tests necessary
before using

Lumps formed due to moisture.

Hydration process has started.
Cement unfit for use.
Cement color must be uniform and should be
grey (with a slight greenish shade)
 Quality Assessment Tests for Cement
4. Adulteration test

5. Temperature test

6. Float tests

At site, adulteration and fineness can be

Throw hand full of cement in a bucket of
water. Cement should float for some time
before sinking in.
tested by rubbing it between fingers.
One shouldn’t feel grains/granules
The cement inside bag should be lesser
in temperature than ambient
temperature. (indicating that no heat is
released by cement)
 Quality Assessment Tests for Cement
7. Initial & Final Setting time test

INITIAL AND FINAL SETTING TIMES OF CEMENT - IS:4031-PART 5-1988

 Quality Assessment Tests for Cement
8. Strength test

COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH OF HYDRAULIC CEMENT

IS:4031-PART 6-1988

Cement mortar mould of

70.6mmx70.6mmx70.6mm

Compression testing
machine
 What we’ve learnt so far

What should be the color of cement? Grey with slight greenish

shade

What happens when we throw cement in a bucket of

Floats for sometime before
water
sinking

What is the shelf life of cement? Starts deteriorating after

3months

What causes lump formation? Presence of moisture,

humidity

What is the size of cube used to test compressive

70.6mmx70.6mmx70.6mm
strength of cement
 What we’ve learnt so far

What is the apparatus used to determine initial & final Vicat’s Apparatus
setting time of cement?

Which equipment is used to determine the Compression Testing Machine

compressive strength of cement

What is the ratio in which Cement & Sand are added 1:3 (200g of Cement & 600g
for cement strength test? of sand for each cube)
 Fine Aggregate in Cement Concrete
• When the aggregate is sieved through 4.75mm sieve, the aggregate passed through it called
as fine aggregate.

• Natural sand/River sand is generally used as fine aggregate.

• In the shortage of natural sand, M-sand(manufactured sand) may also be used.

M-Sand is obtained by crushing quarried stones & hard granites. As is has cementitious
properties, it reduced the initial setting time of mortar/concrete.

• The purpose of the fine aggregate is to fill the voids in between the coarse aggregate and to
act as a workability agent.

• It generally accounts for 30%-35% of the mixture

 Coarse Aggregate in Cement Concrete
• When the aggregate is sieved through 4.75mm sieve, the aggregate retained is called coarse
aggregate.

• Gravel, cobble and boulders come under this category.

• The maximum size aggregate used may be dependent upon type of concrete required. In
general, 40mm size aggregate used for normal strengths and 20mm size is used for high
strength concrete.

• Makes up 50%-70% of the mixture

 Tests for Aggregate in Cement Concrete
1. Size: The size of fine aggregate should be equal to or less than 4.75 mm.
2. Shape: Sand of irregular nodular shape is preferable to completely round grained aggregate.
Shape of the aggregate plays a more important role in coarse aggregate than fine aggregate.
3. Bulk density: It is the ratio of weight of aggregate (including voids) to its unit volume.
4. Moisture Content (% Water absorption): It is the ratio of weight of water absorbed to
weight of dry aggregate; measured in percentage.
5. Bulking: Bulking of sand means increase in volume of aggregate due to surface moisture.
6. Surface Texture: Surface texture is the property which defines whether a particular surface
is polished, dull, smooth or rough. Generally rough surface aggregate is preferable to smooth
aggregates.
7. Soundness: Soundness means the ability of aggregates to resist excessive change in volume
as a result of change in physical condition such as temperature & humidity.
8. Durability: Some of the aggregate contain reactive silica, which reacts with alkalies present
in cement and hence reduce the durability. Durability is the ability to resist against the
weathering actions, chemical attack, etc.
9. Silt content: It is defined as the total quantity of fine particles of deleterious materials
having particle from 0.06 mm to 0.002 mm present in sand.(IS 2386)
 What we’ve learnt so far

What is the sieve size used to differentiate fine & IS Sieve 4.75mm
coarse aggregate?

What is the purpose of cement in concrete? Forms hydrates i.e gels. Acts as
binder for aggregates

What is purpose of fine aggregates? Fills the voids created between

coarse aggregates

What is the purpose of coarse aggregate? Provides crushing strength,

reduces the cement quantity in
concrete

Aggregates should have a round surface. Depends. More angular surface

True or False? is preferred for better
interlocking. Round aggregate
helps with workability.
 Water in Cement Concrete

• In concrete, the single most significant influence on most or all of the properties is the
amount of water used in the mix.

• The ratio of the amount of water to the amount of cement used (both by weight) is called the
water to cement ratio (w/c).

• For full hydration cement absorbs 0.23 of its weight of water in normal conditions. This
amount of water gives a very dry mix and extra water is added to give the required
workability.

• Lower the w/c ratio, higher will be the

strength of concrete. However decreasing
w/c ratio affects the workability and also
leads to shrinkage & cracks.

• Increasing w/c ratio increases workability

but delays initial setting time & lowers
strength of concrete
 Factors Affecting Water in Cement Concrete
1. Target Mean Strength of concrete
2. Workability
3. Aggregates
4. Ambient Temperature
5. Type of cement

Quality parameters of Water in Cement Concrete

• The chemical constituents present in water may actively participate in the chemical reactions
and thus affect the setting, hardening and strength development of concrete.
• Quality of water for construction works should be the same as drinking water. However,
o Presence of Salt contents can cause corrosion to Steel reinforcements
o Presence of organic compounds (such as sugar) slows down the hydration process
• pH of water should be between 6 to 8 (as portland cement is alkaline in nature)
 What we’ve learnt so far

What is W/C ratio? Ration of water to cement by

weight

What happens when w/c is increased? Decrease in strength gain and

increase in workability

What happens when w/c is decreased? Increased strength gain and

decreased workability

How does aggregate affect w/c ratio? Flaky, elongated angular

aggregate require more water
for workability

What should be the pH of water? Alkaline. Not less than 6

 Fresh Concrete
Fresh Concrete or Green concrete is
the wet mix of concrete ingredients;
before it begins to set.

Terms related to fresh

concrete
• Workability

• Cohesion & Segregation

• Bleeding

• Setting Time
 Workabılıty
• Workability of concrete is the property of freshly mixed concrete which determines the
ease and homogeneity with which it can be mixed, placed, consolidated and finished

• A mix that is difficult to place and consolidate will increase the cost of handling, and lead to
poor strength, durability and appearance. Since it is practically impossible to devise test
methods that can simultaneously check all these characteristics, the measurement of the
workability of a concrete mixture is obtained indirectly through its ‘consistency’

Workability is directly proportional to water

cement ratio. An increase in water-cement ratio
increases the workability of concrete.

Typical w/c ratios are as follows:

Normal: For ordinary concrete 0.6 to 0.7
Specified if a higher strength concrete is desired:
0.4
 Factors Affecting Workability

• Water cement ratio

• Shape & Size of Aggregates

• Type of construction work

• Method of mixing concrete

• Thickness of concrete section

• Extent of reinforcement

• Method of compaction

• Distance of transporting

• Method of placement

• Environmental conditions
 Workability Tests
There is no acceptable test which will measure directly the workability.

The following methods give a measure of workability which tests the uniformity & consistency
of a mix of nominal proportions:
1. Slump Test
2. Vee-bee Consistometer test
3. Compaction Factor Test

Vee-Bee Consistometer Apparatus

Compaction Factor Apparatus
 Workability Tests – Slump Test

The slump test is a means of assessing the consistency of fresh concrete. It is used, indirectly, as
a means of checking that the correct amount of water has been added to the mix.
 The mould shall be filled in four layers, each
approximately one-quarter of the height of the
mould. Each layer shall be tamped with
twenty-five strokes of the rounded end of the
tamping rod.(16mm dia & 600mm length rod
rounded at end)

Measure the slump by determining the vertical difference between the top of the mold
and the displaced original center of the top surface of the specimen.

Workability Compaction Factor Slump (mm)

Very Low 0.78 0 - 25

Low 0.85 25 - 50

Medium 0.92 50 - 100

High 0.95 100 - 175

• The slump measured shall be recorded in terms of millimetres of
subsidence of the specimen during the test.
• Any slump specimen which collapses or shears off laterally gives
incorrect result and if this occurs the test shall be repeated with
another sample.
• If, in the repeat test also, the specimen should shear, the slump
shall be measured and the fact that the specimen sheared, shall
be recorded.
 Segregatıon
• Segregation of concrete is the separation of cement paste and aggregates of concrete
from each other during handling and placement. Segregation is typically characterized
by cement paste coming to the top and aggregates settling at the bottom.
• Segregation of concrete affects strength and durability in structures. In a good
concrete, all concrete aggregates are evenly coated with sand and cement paste and
forms a homogeneous mass.
• Causes of segregation
1. Use of high water-cement ratio in concrete. This general happens in case of
concrete mixed at site by unskilled workers.
2. Excessive vibration of concrete with mechanical needle vibrators makes heavier
particles settle at bottom and lighter cement sand paste comes on top.
3. When concreting is done from height in case of underground foundations and
rafts, which causes concrete to segregate.
• Prevention of segregation
1. Wherever depth of concreting is more than 1.5 meters it should be placed through
temporary inclined chutes.
 Bleedıng
• Bleeding in fresh concrete refers to the process where free water in the mix is pushed
upward to the surface due to the settlement of heavier solid particles such as cement
• A higher w/c ratio can lead to excessive bleeding.
• The use of supplementary cementitious materials can decrease bleeding rates especially
when using finer blends. Fly ash can be effective in reducing bleed rates. Silica fume has
the largest effect on reducing bleeding.
 Hardened Concrete

Hardened concrete is one which is already ‘set’

during which time concrete has reached it’s ‘final
setting time’ and hence lost all properties of a
fresh concrete.
In this stage the concrete is enough strong to
carry the self load and structural load.

Terms related to Hardened Concrete

• Strength of Concrete

• Density of concrete

• Durability of concrete
 Strength of Concrete
The "strength" of hardened concrete is its ability to resist strain or rupture induced by external
forces. The resistance of concrete to compressive, tensile and bending stresses is known as
compressive strength, tensile strength, and bending (or flexural) strength, respectively. The
resistance of concrete to repeated stresses is called its fatigue strength.

Strength gain of concrete over time Effect of water/cement ratio on the compressive
strength of concrete of concrete
 Density of Concrete
The density of concrete of normal weight is about 2,400 kg/m3 or 24KN/m3. The concrete
density varies depending on the amount and density of the aggregate, how much air is
entrapped or purposely entrained, the cement concentration, and the maximum size of
aggregate used. Lightweight concrete has a density of 1440 to 1840 kg/m3

Effect of water/cement ratio on the no. of voids in Effect of air entrainment on strength of concrete
structure of concrete

A denser concrete generally provides higher strength and fewer amount of voids and porosity.
Smaller the voids in concrete, it becomes less permeable to water and soluble elements. So
water absorption will also be less and better durability is expected from this type of concrete.
 Durability of Concrete
A durable concrete is one that performs satisfactorily in the working environment during its
anticipated exposure conditions during service.

One of the main characteristics influencing the durability of concrete is its permeability to the
ingress of water, oxygen, carbon dioxide, chloride, sulphate and other potentially deleterious
substances. Impermeability is governed by the constituents and workmanship used in making
the concrete.

The factors influencing durability include:

a) the environment;
b) the cover to embedded steel;
c) the type and quality of constituent materials;
d) the cement content and water/cement ratio of
e) the concrete;
f) workmanship, to obtain full compaction and
g) efficient curing; and
h) the shape and size of the member.
 MARATHWADA MITRA MANDAL'S
COLLEGE OF ARCHITECTURE
2018-2019

BUILDING TECHNOLOGY AND MATERIALS - III

STEEL FOR REINFORCEMENT

OF CONCRETE
CHARACTERISTICS REINFORCEMENT FOR
CONCRETE

Should be able to develop

perfect bond with concrete. It’s co-efficient of thermal
expansion should be nearly
It should be easy to cut, same as that of concrete
bend, bind or weld

Characteristics

Concrete should not

Should have high tensile
produce any harmful effect
strength It should be readily
on the embedded material
available.
or vice versa
 METAL
Metal is an element, compound or alloy that is a good conductor of
both electricity and heat.
Metal crystal structure and specific metal properties are determined
by holding together the atoms of a metal.
 Metals
• Steel is an alloy of iron and
carbon that is widely used in Ferrous Non-
Ferrous
construction and other
applications because of its Iron Copper &
Alloys
hardness and tensile strength.
• Steel is a Malleable Alloy of Iron Pig iron
Aluminum
and Carbon (not over 2%) with
Cast iron
substantial quantities of
Zinc
Manganese. Wrought
iron
• Steel used in construction is mild
steel. Steel Tin

Cobalt
HISTORY OF STEEL IN BUILDING CONSTRUCTION
Steel Buildings – Symbol of Modern Architecture
Mill at Derby- 1793
Steel is crucial in development of By William Strut, wooden beams sheeted in iron
economy and is considered as
backbone of human civilization.

1780- Cast Iron

1840 Arched shaped bridges up to 30 m
span
1840- Wrought Iron
1890 Span up to 100m Dithering Flax Mill-1797 first fully integrated iron-
1870- Bessemer Converter framed building, oldest iron framed building in the
1920 Intro. Carbon Steel world, by Charles Bage
1920- To Third most popular material
Date after Concrete and Timber

Important milestones in Architecture

was development of iron and steel in
construction.
 WHY & WHERE REINFORCEMENT IS
PROVIDED
• Though strong in compression, concrete is extremely weak in
tension. Its resistance to tension is so low that plain concrete can
only be used where the member is in pure compression.

• Steel on the other hand is equally strong in compression and

tension, but it is apparent that while a long steel bar can develop its
full strength in tension, it cannot resist equal amount of
compressive force, owing to buckling due to the slenderness.

• Thus the combination of steel and concrete has proved to be ideal.

• As the two material are used to take up stresses they are most
suitable.

• Such a combination of steel and concrete is called ‘Reinforcement

Cement Concrete’ (R.C.C.)

• Steel reinforcement is placed in the tensile zone of the member

before it is concreted.
TENSION ZONES
STEEL MANUFACTURING PROCESS
 TYPES OF STEEL

Mild steel
These differ from each
Medium tensile steel other in their chemical
composition and other
High tensile steel properties like, ultimate
tensile strength, yield
Hard drawn steel point, etc.
 FORMS OF BARS
• Round bars

• Deformed bars

• Twisted bars

• Square bars

• Flats
Sometimes expanded metal fabric or fabric made by welding or
weaving steel wire in the form of square mesh are also used in slabs,
shells and concrete structures
For works of large dimensions like massive foundations, etc., sections
like rolled steel beams, channels or angle iron are also used as
reinforcement.
 Deformed bars Twisted bars
Round bars

Square bars
Flats bars
MILD AND MEDIUM TENSILE STEEL BARS
• Mild and medium tensile steel bars or round section are most
commonly used in R.C.C. work.
• The diameter or round bars (in mm) used in normal building
work are : 6,8,10,12,16,18,20,22,25,28,32,36 and 40.
• Bars of greater diameter, i.e., 45mm and 50mm, are only in
exceptionally heavy foundations, large girders, or counter
forts (buttress) etc.
DEFORMED BARS

• Deformed bars or high yield strength bars (HYSB) are furnished

with logs, ribs or other form of surface deformations for the purpose
of increasing their bond strength with concrete.

TWISTED PLAIN
Twisted plain or deformed bars not only have high yield stress but
also have bond strength which is 40% more than that of round bars.
On account of increased bond strength such bars do not need end
hooks, and require reduced length for overlaps etc. thereby effecting
reduction in the cost of reinforcement and labour
 ADVANTAGE
Steel Is A Predominate Material For The
Construction Of Bridges, Buildings,
Towers And Other Structures.
Steel Exhibit Desirable Physical
Properties That Make It One Of The Most
Versatile Structural Material In Use.
Its Great Strength, Uniformity, Light
Weight, Ease Of Use And Many Other
Desirable Properties Make It The Material
Of The Choice For Numerous Structures
Such As Steel Bridges, High Rise
Buildings, Tower And Other Structures.
DIS-ADVANTAGE
Steel Has All This Advantages As
Structural Material, It Also Has Many
Disadvantages That Make Reinforced
Concrete As A Replacement For
Construction Purposes.
The Disadvantages Of Steel Can Be
Summarized As Follow:
• Maintenance Cost
• Fireproofing Cost
• Susceptibility To Bulking
• Fatigue
 MARKET FORMS OF STEEL
Following are the standard shapes in which the rolled steel sections
are available in the market;

• Angle sections
• Round bars
• Channel sections
• Square bars
• Corrugated sheets
• Flat bars
• Expanded metal
• Ribbed mild steel bars
• T-sections
• TMT bars
• I-sections
• CTD bars
• Plates
• Welded wire fabrics
• Ribbed (HYSD) bars
 Built in section are made using different standard section mentioned
above.
• These are used to stand heavier load.
 MARKET FORMS OF
DETAILS IMAGE
STEEL

Angle section

•Available Sizes Are

20mm*20mm*3mm TO
Equal section 200mm*200mm*25mm.
•Uses
•In parking shades
•In trusses

•Are Available In
30mm*20mm*3mm TO
Unequal section 200mm*150mm*25mm
•Uses
•In Staircase.
 MARKET
FORMS OF DETAILS IMAGE
STEEL
•These Are Form Ed By Passing
Steel Sheets Through Grooves.
•Corrugated sheets are usually
Corrugated sheet galvanized and are referred to as
G.I. sheets
•Widely used for roof covering

•These Form Of Steel Available In

Different Shape And
Size.
•It Is Prepared From Sheets Of Mild
Expanded Steel.
Metal mesh •Used For R.C.C. Foundations ,
bridges , roads Etc..
•Also used in protection
 MARKET
FORMS OF DETAILS IMAGE
STEEL
• Available sizes are
20mm*20mm*3mm to
150mm*150mm*10mmm.
T-section • Widely used as member of steel roof
trusses and to built-up sections

•Also Known As The Rolled Steel Joists

Or
Beams.
•Available Sizes Are 75mm*50mm
To 600mm*210mm.
I-section
•The Bureau Of Indian Standard Has
Classified The I-section Into Junior
Beams And Light Beam.
•Suitable for floor beams, lintels,
columns, etc.
 MARKET
FORMS OF DETAILS IMAGE
STEEL
•Available in different sizes with
thickness varying from 5mm to
50mm.
Uses
Plates
•To connect steel beams for
extension of the length
•To serve as tension members
of steel roof truss
•It Consist Of A Web With Two
Equal Flanges.
•Available In Size From
100mm*45mm To
Channel Section 400mm*100mm.
•Used as the structural members of
the steel framed structures
 MARKET
FORMS OF DETAILS IMAGE
STEEL
•Available in circular cross-section
with diameters varying from 5mm
to 250mm
Round bars •Used as reinforcement in
concrete structure, construction
of steel grill- work, beam etc.

•Available in square cross-section

with sides varying from 5mm to
250 mm.
•Used in the construction of steel
Square Bars grill- work, for windows, gates etc.
 MARKET
FORMS OF DETAILS IMAGE
STEEL
•Available sizes are from 10mm to
400 mm
with thickness varying from 3mm to
Flat Bars 40mm.
•Widely used in the construction
of steel grillwork for windows &
gates.
•These are the hot rolled steel bars
but during rolling steel rods, ribs
are produced on them.
•These ribs increase the bond
Square Bars strength of the bars.
•These bars should not be used in
R.C.C. work because they are too
weaker than Ribbed bars.
 MARKET
FORMS OF DETAILS IMAGE
STEEL
•Sudden quenching of red hot steel
bars by a spray of water can
produce steel bars with high
Thermo- strength at the surface with a core
mechanically of mild steel
treated bars •As the core of the wire is still
(TMT BARS) hot, the heat inside helps in
tempering the surface.
•More corrosion resistance then
cold twisted bars.
•1st high strength steel bars in India.
•Cold twisting introduces residual
Cold Twisted stresses in the steel. Hence, these
Deformed Bars bars corrode much faster then other
(CTD BARS) steel bars and not used in many
advanced country.
 MARKET
FORMS OF DETAILS IMAGE
STEEL
•High Strength Steel.
•They have ribs or projection on
their surface.
•Their surface twisted individually.
Ribbed bars •Available sizes are from
6mm*50mm diameter.
•Uses
•As reinforcement in concrete
structure
•It is fabricated from a series of
wires arranged at right angles to
Welded Wire each other and electrically welded
Fabrics (WWF) at all intersection.
•It is mostly used for floor slabs
on well-composed ground
In RCC construction following thicknesses deformed steel bars are used in
Foundation, Column, Beam, Slab, Lintel
 Grades of steel
Steel is a combination of iron and carbon. There are more than 3,500 different grades
of steel. A steel’s grade is determined by the amount of carbon, what other alloys it
contains, and the way it has been processed.

The Four Types of Steel

Carbon Steels - only contain trace amounts of elements besides carbon and iron. This
group is the most common, accounting for 90% of steel production.
Carbon Steel is divided into three subgroups : Low Carbon Steels/Mild Steels (up to
0.3% carbon), Medium Carbon Steels (0.3–0.6% carbon), and High Carbon Steels
(more than 0.6% carbon).

Alloy Steels - contain alloying elements like nickel, copper, chromium, and/or
aluminium. These additional elements are used to influence the metal’s strength,
ductility, corrosion resistance, and machinability.

Stainless Steels - contain 10–20% chromium as their alloying element and are valued
for their high corrosion resistance. These steels are commonly used in medical
equipment, piping, cutting tools, and food processing equipment.

Tool Steels - make excellent cutting and drilling equipment as they contain tungsten,
molybdenum, cobalt, and vanadium to increase heat resistance and durability.
 Grades of steel
What are the different grades of steel?
Steel grading systems provide a way to categorize steel
based on all the different factors that can influence its
properties and uses.
For instance, the rate steel is cooled can impact how its
molecules are joined together, as can the amount of
time the steel is held at several critical temperature
points during the cooling process. It’s possible for two
steels with the same alloy content to have different
grades based on this heat treatment process.

The ASTM Grading System assigns each metal a letter prefix based on its overall category
(“A” is the designation for iron and steel materials), as well as a sequentially-assigned
number that corresponds with that metal’s specific properties.
The SAE Grading System uses a four-digit number for classification. The first two digits
denote the steel type and alloying element concentration, and the last two digits indicate
the carbon concentration of the metal.

Steel grading standards are widely used by scientists, engineers, architects, and
government agencies to ensure quality and consistency of materials. These standards
provide a common language to communicate the properties of steel with great specificity,
and guide product manufacturers toward proper processing and application procedures.
THANK YOU
 References
• https://www.meadmetals.com/blog/steel-grades 06/08/2020 , 12:24pm
 Concrete Mix Proportioning
The mix proportions shall be selected to ensure the workability of the fresh concrete and when
concrete is hardened, it shall have the required strength, durability and surface finish.
Proportioning Concrete Mix – Nominal Mix & Design mix
Nominal Mix is generally adopted for small scale constructions. In this type of mix, the mix
ratios and concrete constituent proportions are prefixed and specified. Eg: M20(1:1.5:3)
M10(1:3:6); the quantity of cement, sand and aggregate is batched in volume as per the
fixed ratio 1:1.5:3.

Design mix concrete is adopted for large scale constructions. In this type, the mix ratios are
decided by an Engineer after analyzing the properties of individual ingredients of
concrete. There is No Pre-fixed ratio, and ingredients are batched in weight. Design mix is
preferred over nominal mix and usually adopted for concrete of grade higher than M20
 Mıxıng of Concrete
Mixing on Site - Hand Mixing and Concrete Mixers
Mixing time should be sufficient to produce a uniform concrete. The time of mixing depends on
the type of mixer and also to some properties of fresh concrete.
1. Undermixing → non-homogeneity
2. Overmixing → water loss, brekage of aggregate particles, segregation
• The aim of mixing is to blend all of the ingredients of the concrete to form a uniform mass and
to coat the surface of aggregates with cement paste.
• Mixing can be done manually on water-tight platforms with the help of shovels.
• For major jobs, mechanical devices called MIXERS are used which come in many designs and
sizes.
• The concrete mixers have rotating drums that can be tilted. Internally, they are provided with
blades that mix the ingredients intimately when the drums are made to rotate.
 Mıxıng Of Concrete
Mixing off Site – Batching Plants & RMC
• Ready-mix concrete (RMC) is a ready-to-use material, with a predetermined mixture of
cement, sand, aggregates and water. RMC is a type of concrete manufactured in a
factory according to a set recipe or as per specifications of the customer, at a centrally
located batching plant.
• The process of producing concrete in measured batches is called batching. All systems in
a ready-mix plant must be constantly regulated to ensure that all specifications will be
met.
Batching Plant & Ready Mix Concrete
 Formwork for Concrete
The formwork shall be designed and constructed so as to remain sufficiently rigid during placing
and compaction of concrete, and shall be such as to prevent loss of slurry from the concrete.

Plywood forms: Plywood is the cheapest

material used to make forms. Plywood forms
can be reused many times.

Steel forms: Steel forms can be reused up to

300 times. The cost of steel forms is much
higher than plywood forms. Steel forms come
in different sizes and shapes, which helps to
reduce the work in the field.

Aluminum forms: Since aluminum is lighter

than steel, forms made of this material can be
erected with fewer men
 Placing of Concrete
Before concrete is placed in position, formwork should thoroughly be checked for its stiffness
and trueness. The surface of placing concrete should be truly prepared according to
requirements and thoroughly soaked with water.

Concrete is placed in its final position before the cement reaches its initial set and concrete is
compacted in its final position within 30 minutes of leaving the mixer and once compacted it
should not be disturbed
Placing of Concrete
 Compaction of Concrete

Compaction of concrete is the process adopted for expelling the entrapped air from the
concrete.
Inadequate consolidation can result in:
• Honeycomb
• Sand streaks
• Excessive amount of entrapped air voids
• Permeable to ingress of deleterious materials

Honeycombing

Sand streaks
 Methods of compacting concrete
The following methods are adopted for compacting the concrete:
(a) Hand Compaction
(i ) Rodding (ii) Ramming (iii) Tamping
(b) Compaction by Vibration
(i) Internal vibrator (Needle vibrator) (ii) Formwork vibrator (External vibrator)
(iii) Table vibrator (iv ) Platform vibrator (v ) Surface vibrator (Screed
vibrator) (vi) Vibratory Roller.

Hand compaction consists of rodding, ramming or tamping. When hand compaction is

adopted, the consistency of concrete is maintained at a higher level. The thickness of the
layer of concrete is limited to about 15 to 20 cm.

To compact stiff concrete(low w/c ratio), mechanically operated vibratory equipment, must
be used.
Types of Vibrators
1. Internal vibrator: The Needle is immersed into concrete to compact it. The needle is
easily removed from point to point. (Depth of concrete member should not be less
than 100mm)
2. External vibrators: External vibrators clamp direct to the formwork requiring strong,
rigid forms.
 Internal Vibration
Operated with Electric motors or diesel
engines

Concrete shall be placed in thickness not more

than 600 mm, and on initial placing in thickness
not more than 150 mm

CORRECT
Vertical penetration a few inches
into previous layer (which should
not yet be rigid) of systematic
regular intervals will give adequate
consolidation
INCORRECT
Haphazard random penetration of
the vibrator at all angles and
spacing without sufficient depth
will not assure intimate
combination of the two layers
 Internal Vibration
IS 3558 (1983): Code of practice for use of immersion vibrators for consolidating concrete
 Internal Vibration
Adapted from ACI 309

Diameter Recommended Approximate Rate of

of head, frequency, radius of placement, Application
(mm) (vib./min.) action, (mm) (m3/h)
Plastic and flowing
20-40 9000-15000 80-150 0.8-4 concrete in thin
members. Also used for
lab test specimens.
Plastic concrete in thin
walls, columns, beams,
30-60 8500-12500 130-250 2.3-8 precast piles, thin slabs,
and along construction
joints.

Stiff plastic concrete

50-90 8000-12000 180-360 4.6-15 (less than 80-mm slump)
in general construction .
 External Vibrators
Formwork vibrators are used for concreting columns, thin walls or in the casting of precast
units. The machine is clamped on to the external wall surface of the formwork. The vibration is
given to the formwork so that the concrete in the vicinity of the shutter gets vibrated. This
method of vibrating concrete is particularly useful and adopted where reinforcement, lateral
ties and spacers interfere too much with the internal vibrator
• Form vibrators
• Vibrating tables (Lab)
• Surface vibrators
o Vibratory screeds
o Plate vibrators
 Striking period of Formwork

Forms shall not be released until the concrete

has achieved a strength of at least twice the
stress to which the concrete may be subjected
at the time of removal of formwork.

In normal circumstances where ambient

temperature does not fall below 15°C and
where ordinary Portland cement is used and
adequate curing is done, striking period given
in the table can be followed
 Curıng of Concrete
• Properties of concrete can improve with age as long as
conditions are favorable for the continued hydration of
cement. These improvements are rapid at early ages and
continues slowly for an indefinite period of time.
• Curing can be considered as creation of a favorable
environment (Temperature & Relative Humidity) during
the early period for uninterrupted hydration

Curing methods may be divided broadly into four categories:

(a) Water curing (b) Membrane curing (c ) Application of heat (d) Miscellaneous
 Curıng of Concrete
Water Curing can be done using following methods

• Using wet covers

• Sprinkling

• Ponding

• immersion

Immersion of precast members

Gunny bag wet cover Sprinkling Ponding

 Concrete Additives & Admixtures
An admixture for concrete is a material added during the mixing process of concrete in a
quantity not more than 5 % by mass of the cement content of the concrete, to modify
the properties of the mix in the fresh and / or hardened state. While a concrete additive
is a substance whose content exceeds 5% of the cement mass. This applies to
ingredients that are not the basic raw materials for the production of concrete, i.e. sand
or aggregate.

The main types of Admixtures in general use The main types of Additives in general use
are: are:
• accelerators; • Pulverized Fly Ash
• set retarders; • GGBS (Ground granulated blastfurnace
• water-reducers/workability aids/plasticizers; slag)
• superplasticizers; • Polymers
• air-entraining admixtures; • Condensed silica fumes
 Concrete Admixtures
Accelerators - Accelerating admixtures are used for quicker setting times of concrete. It
provides higher early strength development in freshly cast concrete.

• These admixtures are suitable for concreting in winter conditions

• During any emergency repair work
• In case of early removal of formwork
• It has increased drying shrinkage (negative aspect)

Set Retarders -retarding concrete admixture delays or extends the setting time of cement
paste in concrete. These are helpful for concrete that has to be transported to long distance
in transit mixers and helpful in placing the concrete at high temperatures.

They work by forming a film around the cement grains and presenting or reducing the
reaction with water. After a while thus film breaks down and normal hydration proceeds.

Eg: Hydroxyl carboxylic acid and their salts, Carbohydrates including sugar, Soluble zinc,
Soluble borates etc.
 Concrete Admixtures
Water-reducers/workability aids/Plasticizers – Reducers help in achieving higher
workability with lesser w/c ratio; i.e. maintaining plasticity with less water.
Chemicals such as Calcium or sodium salt of lignosulfonic acid and Poly carboxylic acid are
usually composed of long-chain organic molecules and that are hydrophobic (not wetting)
at one end and hydrophilic (readily wet) at the other.

Plasticizers can help reduce water by 5-15%, for a given workability. Plasticizers also tend to add
air bubbles to the concrete and a good plasticizers is the one that doesn’t cause air-entrainment
of more than 1-2%
 Concrete Admixtures
Superplasticizers – superplasticizers are high range plasticizers used for production of
flowing, self levelling, self compacting and for the production of high strength and high
performance concrete. Although they are similar in mode of action to plasticizers, they are
chemically different.

• Sulphonated malanie-formaldehyde
condensates (SMF)
• Sulphonated naphthalene-formaldehyde
condensates (SNF)
• Modified lignosulphonates (MLS)

Use of superplasticizers permit the reduction of water to the extent upto 30% without
reducing workability; which enables the use of w/c as low as 0.25 or even lower and yet to
make flowing concrete to obtain strength of the order 120 N/mm2 or more.
 Concrete Admixtures
Superplasticizers – superplasticizers are high range plasticizers used for production of
flowing, self levelling, self compacting and for the production of high strength and high
performance concrete. Although they are similar in mode of action to plasticizers, they are
chemically different.

• Sulphonated malanie-formaldehyde
condensates (SMF)
• Sulphonated naphthalene-formaldehyde
condensates (SNF)
• Modified lignosulphonates (MLS)

Use of superplasticizers permit the reduction of water to the extent upto 30% without
reducing workability; which enables the use of w/c as low as 0.25 or even lower and yet to
make flowing concrete to obtain strength of the order 120 N/mm2 or more.
 Concrete Admixtures
Air-entraining admixtures – These are foaming agents, gas producing chemicals. It
introduces millions of tiny, stable bubbles of uniform size that are uniformly distributed
throughout the mix (usually about 5% of the volume).

Improves properties of fresh concrete such as workability, cohesion and reduces

segregation and bleeding.

Improves properties of hardened concrete – For every 1% of air there is a 4% loss in

strength which is minimized by the reduction in water content.
 Types of Cement Concrete
• High Strength Concrete
• Ultra High Strength Concrete
• High Performance Concrete

Special Types of Cement Concrete

• Light weight concrete
• Aerated Concrete
• No Fines Concrete
• High-Density Concrete
• Fibre Reinforced concrete
• Shotcrete
• Ferrocement
• Self compacting concrete
 Advantages and Disadvantages of Cement Concrete

Advantages Disadvantages

• Possesses a high compressive strength • It has a low tensile strength.

• Fresh concrete can be easily handled & • It needs adequate mixing and curing all of
molded in any shape / size which affect the final strength of concrete.

• Cracks may develop in concrete due to

• Formwork can be re-used
shrinkage
• Can be sprayed on & filled the cracks for • Concrete is not entirely impervious to
repairing process moisture & soluble salts, which may cause
efflorescence
• Durable & fire resistant & requires little
maintenance • Concrete is liable to disintegrate by alkali
and sulphate attack
• Can be pumped and hence it can be laid in
the difficult position • The lack of ductility

• Variety of finishes obtainable