CONCRETE

GROUP 2:

De Leon, Brendaly
Duarte, Corine
Mag-Ugat, Miladee
Navarro, Charmelaine Myles
Tanchiatco, Clarisse Jane
Villegas, Eloisa
BTCH0213
 CEMENTING MATERIALS
CEMENT
Cement may be prescribed as a material with
adhesive and cohesive properties which make
it capable of bonding mineral fragments into a
compact whole.
 CEMENTING MATERIALS
. The principal components of this type of cement are made of lime so that in building and
civil engineering are concerned with calcareous cement. The cement of interest in the
making of concrete has the property of setting and interest in underwater under a chemical
reaction with it and is therefore called hydraulic cement.

Chemically Cement is called as hydrated calcium

alumina silicate

Cement = Lime + Clay

CEMENTING MATERIALS
CEMENTING MATERIALS
CEMENTING MATERIALS
CEMENTING MATERIALS
CEMENTING MATERIALS
Classification of Cement
Cement can be broadly classified as:

1. Natural cement
2. Artificial cement
 CEMENTING MATERIALS
1. Natural Cement

It is manufactured from stones containing 20 to 40 percent of clay, the remainder

being carbonate of lime mixed with carbonate of magnesia. The stones are first burnt
and then crushed.

It possesses a brown color and sets rapidly when mixed with water.
 CEMENTING MATERIALS
2. Artificial Cement

It may be portland cement or special cement.

Portland cement is so-called because a paste of cement with water after it sets hard,
be like in color and hardness a portland stone, a limestone extracted in Dorset.

It is prepared in different varieties.

 CEMENTING MATERIALS
Properties of Cement
A good cement possesses the following properties ( which depends upon its chemical composition,
thoroughness of burning, and fitness of grinding):

1. Provides strength to masonry.

2. Stiffness or hardens early.
3. Owns good plasticity.
4. An excellent building material
5. Easily workable.
6. Good moisture-resistant
TYPES OF CEMENT
• Ordinary Portland Cement
 • Ordinary Portland Cement

- Most widely used type of cement which is suitable for all general concrete
construction.

- Most widely produced and used type of cement around the world with
annual global production of around 3.8 million cubic meters per year.
- Suitable for all type of concrete construction.
 • Ordinary Portland Cement

- Uses includes pavements and sidewalks, reinforced concrete buildings,

bridges, railway structures, tanks, reservoirs, culverts, sewers, water pipes
and masonry units.

- Advantages includes high compressive strength in early ages, low alkali

content, high early strength and superior resistance to sulphate attack due to
less C3A.
 Properties of OPC
Lime 60 to 67%

Silica 17 to 25%

Alumina 3 to 8%

Iron Oxide 0.5 to 6%

Magnesia 0.1 to 4%

Sulphur Trioxide 1 to 3%

Sodium Carbonate and/or Potassium 0.5 to 1.3%

Carbonate
2. Portland Pozzolana Cement (PPC)
 2. Portland Pozzolana Cement (PPC)

- Prepared by grinding pozzolanic clinker with Portland cement.

- Pozzolanic material may be either natural or artificial.

- Produced by adding pozzolana with the addition of gypsum or calcium

sulfate or by intimately and uniformly blending portland cement and fine
pozzolana.
 2. Portland Pozzolana Cement (PPC)

- Has high resistance to various chemical attacks on concrete compared with

ordinary portland cement and thus it is widely used.

- Uses includes marine structures, sewage works, sewage works and for
laying concrete under water such as bridges, piers, dams and mass concrete
works etc.
 2. Portland Pozzolana Cement (PPC)

- Advantages includes workability, pumpability, setting time and finishability,

compressive strength and rate strength gain, modulus of elasticity, bond of
concrete to steel and heat of hydration.
 Properties of PPC
Initial Setting Time 30 minutes minimum

Final Setting Time 600 minutes maximum

At 3 Days 13 MPa (megapascals- compressive strength)

minimum

At 7 days 22 MPa (megapascals) minimum

At 28 days 33 MPa (megapascals) minimum

Drying Shrinkage Should not be more than 0.15%

 Properties of PPC
Fineness Should not be less than 300 m^2/kg

Initial Strength Equal to the 28 days strength of Ordinary

Portland Cement OPC)

Rate of Development of Lower than Ordinary Portland Cement (OPC)

Strength
3. Rapid Hardening Cement
 3. Rapid Hardening Cement

- Attains high strength in early days and is used in concrete where formworks
are removed at an early stage and is similar to ordinary portland cement (OPC).

- Has increased lime content and contains higher c3s content and finer
grinding.

- Strength of rapid hardening cement at the 3 days is similar to 7 days strength

of OPC with the same water-cement ratio.
 3. Rapid Hardening Cement

- Advantage includes formwork can be removed earlier .

- Uses includes prefabricated concrete construction and road works.

- Properties are similar to the traditional Portland cement but is enhanced with the
addition of 56% tricalcium silicate.
4. Quick Setting Cement
 4. Quick Setting Cement

- Quick setting cement sets earlier, while rapid hardening cement gains strength
quickly.

- Uses includes under water construction, rainy and cold weather conditioned places,
higher temperature where water evaporates easily, anchoring or rock bolt mining and
tunnelling, fixing concrete steps.

- Advantage includes less setting time and have high resistance to water and less water
required during the hydration process.
 Properties
Alpha Gypsum 9.5 to 4 parts

Portland Cement 0.5 to 6 parts

Dispersant Minor effective Portion

5. Low Heat Cement
 5. Low Heat Cement
-Prepared by maintaining the percentage of tricalcium aluminate below 6% by
increasing the proportion of C2S.

- Has increased power against sulphates and is less reactive and initial setting time is
greater than OPC.

- Other uses includes constructing dams large footings, large raft slabs and wind
turbine plinths.

- Advantages includes ideal for mass concrete pours.

 Properties
Low Heat of Hydration 20% lesser than OPC Cement

Amount of Water Required Low

Workability
High

Volume Stabilisation
Good

Initial Strength
Low
6. Sulphates Resisting Cement
 6. Sulphates Resisting Cement
- Used to reduce the risk of sulphate attack on concrete.

- This cement has reduced contents of C3A (silicates) and C4AF (aluminates).

- Uses includes construction exposed to severe sulphate action by water and soil in places like
canals linings, culverts, retaining walls, and siphons.

-Advantages includes prevents sulphate attack , high compressive strength, preserves strength and
durability of concrete and low heat of hydration.
Fineness
Properties
280+ or -10 sq m/kg

Setting time

Initial 80 min

Final 40 min

Soundness

Lechatelier (mm) 2 (max)

Autoclave 0.25 (max)

Compressive Strength
3 days 30 + or – 3
7 days 45 + or – 3
28 days 65 + or - 3
 Properties

Tri calcium aluminate

0.035

Magnesia 0.02

Loss on ignition 0.02

7. Blast Furnace Slag Cement
 7. Blast Furnace Slag Cement

- Obtained by grinding the clinkers with about 60% slag.

- Uses includes improvement of concrete strength development.

- Advantages includes improved workability.

- Properties includes silicates, aluminosilicates and calcium-alumina-silicates.

8. High Alumina Cement
 8. High Alumina Cement

- Obtained by melting mixture of bauxite.

- Rapid hardening cement with initial and final setting time of about 3.5 and 5 hours
respectively.

- The compressive strength very high and more workable than ordinary portland
cement.
 8. High Alumina Cement

- Used in works where concrete is subjected to high temperatures, frost, and acidic
action.

- Advantages includes can withstand high temperature, evolves great heat during
setting, resists action of acids in a better way and sets quickly and attains higher
ultimate strength in a short period.
 Properties

pH Level Low

Refractive Index High

Sulfuric Acid Durable

Hardening Fast
9. White Cement
 9. White Cement
-Prepared from raw materials (lime stone, clay, oil/pet coke/rubber and Gypsum/Salenile)
free from Iron oxide and is a type of ordinary portland cement which is white in color.

- Uses includes architectural purposes such as precast curtain wall, facing panels and
terrazzo surface, for interior and exterior decorative work like external renderings of
buildings, facing slabs, floorings, ornamental concrete products, paths of gardens and
swimming pools.

- Advantages includes concealing hairline cracks with durable and matte finish.
 Properties

Fineness 395 m^2/kg

Setting Time 100 min

Compressive Strength
1 day 21 MPa
2 days 38 MPa
7 days 61 MPa
28 days 74 MPa
 Properties
Compact Density
3150 kg/m3

Bulk Density
1100 kg/m3

Brightness
87%
10. Colored cement
 10. Colored cement

- Produced by mixing 5- 10% mineral pigments with ordinary cement.

- Widely used for decorative works in floors.

- Advantages includes easy to handle.

- Properties are the same as that of OPC however, compressive strength is

90% gained by 33-grade OPC.
11. Air Entraining Cement
 11. Air Entraining Cement

- Produced by adding indigenous air entraining agents such as resins, glues,

sodium salts of sulphates etc. during the grinding of clinker.

- This type of cement is especially suited to improve the workability with

smaller water cement ratio and to improve frost resistance of concrete.
 11. Air Entraining Cement

- Advantages includes increased resistance of concrete against the alternating

freezing and thawing cycles of water.

- Properties includes workability, freeze-thaw durability, sulphate resistance,

abrasion resistance and water tightness.
12. Expansive Cement
 12. Expansive Cement

- Expands slightly with time and does not shrink during and after the time of
hardening.

- This cement is mainly used in large, continuous floor slabs without joints.

- Advantages includes works well to fill holes in foundations and to create

self-stressed concrete that is stronger than OPC.
 Properties
Setting Time 75 min

Air Content 12%

7 Days Expansion
Minimum
0.04%
Maximum 0.10%

Compressive Strength
7 days 14.7 Mpa
24.5 MPa
28 days
13. Hydrographic cement
 13. Hydrographic cement

- Prepared by mixing water repelling chemicals and has high workability and
strength.

- Advantages includes having a property of repelling water and is unaffected

during monsoon or rains.

- Mainly used for the construction of water structures such dams, water tanks,
spillways and water retaining structures.
 Properties
Fineness 350 m2/kg
Soundness

Lechatelier (mm) 10mm

Autoclave 0.8%

Setting Time

Initial 30 min

Final 600 min

 Properties
Compressive Strength

3 days 16 MPa

7 days 22 MPa

28 days 30 MPa

Water Absorption 0.3 – 1%

 CONCRETE
HOW TO TELL IF A CONCRETE
HAS A GOOD QUALITY
a. STRENGTH AND
DURABILITY
b. WORKABILITY
c. DENSE AND UNIFORM IN
QUALITY
d. CURING
 CONCRETE MATERIALS
• Cement
• Cement is abundantly used in construction as a
binding material, and its applications in
various fields have made it an important civil
engineering material. It is even a common
household name for fixing spots or cracks on
walls.

The kind of tests usually made are:

• soundness, or constancy of volume
• time of setting
• fineness
• tensile strength
 CONCRETE MATERIALS
Two basic types of Aggregates
• Fine aggregates
• fine and coarse sands and crusher
fines.
2. Coarse aggregates
• crushed rock, gravel or screenings.
Aggregates should be:
Strong and Hard
Durable
Chemically Inactive
 CONCRETE MATERIALS
• Water
• This is to ensure that the water is
reasonably free from such impurities as
suspended solids, organic matter and
dissolved salts, which may adversely
affect the properties of the concrete,
especially the setting, hardening, strength,
durability, pit value, etc. The water shall
be clean and shall not contain sugar,
molasses or gur or their derivatives, or
sewage, oils, organic substances.
 SLUMP TEST
slump cone test is to determine the workability
or consistency of concrete mix prepared at the
laboratory or the construction site during the
progress of the work.
 SLUMP TEST
QUIPMENT’S FOR SLUMP TEST:
SLUMP TEST
PROCEDURES FOR SLUMP TEST:
SLUMP TEST
Results of Slump Test on Concrete
SLUMP TEST
Types of Concrete Slump Test Results

True Slump -Mix has high stiff consistency. This type of slump is most
desirable.
Zero Slump – Zero slump is the indication of very low water-cement ratio,
which results in dry mixes.
Collapsed Slump – This is an indication that the water-cement ratio is too high,
i.e. concrete mix is too wet or it is a high workability mix.
Shear Slump – The result is incomplete, and concrete to be retested
 CONCRETE
• Proportioning of Concrete
Briefly stated, the principles of proper proportioning
are as follows
• Use good quality materials
• Determine the strength of the concrete
• Determine the consistency of the mix
• Add correct proportions of aggregates
• Make a mix that's workable
 CONCRETE
• Proportioning of Concrete
The strength of a workable concrete mix depends
upon the water cement ration
The economy of the mix depends upon the proper
proportioning of the fine and coarse aggregates.

• Proportioning by arbitrary proportions

• Proportioning by the water-ratio and slump test
• Proportioning by water-ratio, slump and fineness
modulus
 CONCRETE
• Proportioning of Concrete
• Proportioning by arbitrary proportions
The quality of water required for mixing is determined
according to the desired workability
• Proportioning by the water-ratio and slump test
The quantity of water used in mixing concrete is very
important. If the percentage of water used is less then
there shall not be sufficient quantity of water to hydrate
cement. It shall result in porous and weak concrete.
CONCRETE
• Concrete Proportion
 CONCRETE PROPORTION

V= L x W x H
 MIXING OF CONCRETE

Concrete mixing is a process of mixing the ingredient of

concrete such as cement, sand, aggregate, water, and admixture
together to make concrete of suitable grade.
 MIXING OF CONCRETE

More uniform Less expensive when in large

volume.
 MIXING OF CONCRETE
• MACHINE
MIXING
used for reinforced concrete work,
and for medium or large-scale mass
concrete work.

drum mixers (the most common type.)

 MIXING OF CONCRETE

Batch mixers Continuous mixers

the whole amount being discharged in the materials are fed constantly and
one mass from which the concrete is
discharged in a steady stream.
 MIXING OF CONCRETE

HAND
MIXING
the process of mixing the ingredients of the
concrete manually without a mixer machine.
 CONCRETE
CURIN
is the process which controls the moisture
loss andG temperature conditions of the
concrete.

METHOD
S:Curing
a. Water
b. Sheet Covering
c. Membrane Curing
CONCRETE
CURING - WATER
CURING
a. PONDING - small rectangular or
square artificial ponds are built with
using bunds of clay or lean mortar or
sand across and along the concrete
surface.
CONCRETE
CURING - WATER
CURING
b. SPRINKLING - a fine spray of
water applied continuously through a
system of nozzles provides a constant
supply of moisture.
CONCRETE
CURING - WATER
CURING
c. WET COVERINGS - The
covering should be kept
continuously moist so that a film
of water remains on the concrete
surface throughout the curing
period.
CONCRETE
CURING - SHEET
COVERING
a. POLYTHENE SHEET - is a
material that is easy tio handle
and store.
CONCRETE
CURING - MEMBRANE
CURING
a. SPRAY ON COMPOUNDS -
hand-held garden spray is
suitable for most jobs - and can
be used on both vertical and
horizontal surfaces.
CONCRETE
3 MAIN FUNCTIONS OF CONCRETE CURING TIME:
CURING
a. Maintaining mixing water in concrete during
the early hardening process.
24 to 48 hours
7 days
b. To reduce the loss of mixing water from the
28 days
surface of the concrete.

c.To accelerate the strength gain using heat and

additional moisture.
 CONCRETE
ADMIXTU
RES
• are artificial or natural materials added to
IMAGE
the concrete besides cement, water and
aggregate to improve certain property of
concrete.
CONCRETE
USES OF
ADMIXTURES
• reduce the cost
• modify the properties of concrete
• ensure the quality of concrete
• overcome certain emergencies during concrete operations
CONCRETE
TWO TYPES OF
ADMIXTURES
1. CHEMICAL ADMIXTURES (water soluble compounds)
• is any chemical additive to the concrete mixture that enhances the IMAGE
properties of concrete in the fresh or hardened state.

There are five distinct classes of Chemical Admixtures

a. Air-entraining
b. Water-reducing
c. Retarding
d Accelerating
e. Superplasticizers (plasticizers)
 CONCRETE
2. MINERAL ADMIXTURES (finely ground solid
materials)

• make mixtures more economical, reduce

permeability, increase strength and influence other
concrete properties.
•Hydraulic or pozzolanic activity
CONCRETE
FORMS
What Is Concrete Form?

• concrete forms are more than a solid

barrier that holds concrete in place or
forces concrete to assume a certain
shape.
 CONCRETE
Types of Concrete Forms
a. Wooden Form
• is the most conventional and basic type of
concrete form, for casting concrete it is
mainly used.
b. Insulated Concrete Form
• manufactured as a hollow block and used
as an insulating material used for
constructing building blocks.
CONCRETE
c. Foam Concrete Form
• it follows non-traditional methods.

d. Concrete Wall Forms

• These are pre-manufactured forming
systems used to cast large area walls,
foundations and piers.
CONCRETE
e. Steel Concrete Forms
• the consistency of steel forms can be
obtained even for 2000 work cycles if
properly maintained and used
CONCRETE
How is concrete made?
• Concrete is made by combining the Portland cement with water to
create a paste that coats the aggregates and bonds together and gains
strength as it hardens.

The process involves several steps:

•Make the Portland cement
•Proportioning process
•Mixing
•Hydrating
•Placement
•Curing
 Reference Sources
https://www.concrete.org/topicsinconcrete/topicdetail/Curing%20of%20Concrete?
search=Curing%20of%20Concrete

https://www.cement.org/learn/concrete-technology/concrete-construction/curing-in-construction

https://www.concretenetwork.com/curing-concrete/

https://www.concretenetwork.com/concrete/concrete_admixtures/types.html

https://www.cement.org/cement-concrete/concrete-materials/chemical-admixtures

https://www.slideshare.net/arigatouz/concrete-material

https://theconstructor.org/practical-guide/construction-water-qualityspecification/6012/

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GLekIyLJX4Q

https://www.philippineminingclub.com/13-types-of-cement-and-their-uses-in-concrete-construction/

https://theconstructor.org/concrete/sulphate-resistant-cement/23428/
https://slpsb.com.my/blog/high-alumina-cement-uses-and-its-properties/
 Reference Sources

https://www.birlawhite.com/ml/blogs/white-cement-for-perfect-white-walls#:~:text=The%20white%20cement%20wash%20offers,from
%20moisture%20from%20the%20walls.

https://theconstructor.org/concrete/white-cement/23732/

https://civilblog.org/2016/12/09/properties-air-entrained-concrete/

https://theconstructor.org/concrete/hydrophobic-

cement/23754/#:~:text=Advantages%20of%20Hydrophobic%20Cement,-The%20major%20advantages&text=Provide%20durable%20repairs
%20that%20will,hour%20of%20it%20being%20applied.

https://l.facebook.com/l.php?u=https%3A%2F%2Fdreamcivil.com%2Fcement%2F&h=AT1-cTdppNDZXBF0sE6TrFKluF-gdEKkQZzDM-
Xko30QNPuKWgSr-_EHTHEERrdPkIiWVZP02FWuxAVNnznPEBioiBykTJvv5O_2e-ElPwfl9l7AGUO-5etqxlfOpHG5HErgcm1cu2A

https://mtcopeland.com/blog/how-is-concrete-made/#How_is_concrete_made