Chapter 1 – Part II

Sinusoidal Steady-State
Power Calculation

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 Sinusoidal Steady-State Power
Calculation
Introduction
• Power is the most important quantity in electrical utilities,
electronic, and communication system because such
system involve transmission of power from one point to
another.
• Most of electrical appliances has a power rating to
indicate the maximum power required.
• In AC, the high voltage power is allowed to transmit from
the power generating plant to the consumer.

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 Sinusoidal Steady-State Power
Calculation
Instantaneous and Average Power
• The instantaneous power p(t) absorbed by an element is the product
of the instantaneous voltage v(t) across the element and the
instantaneous current i(t) through it.
p (t )  v(t )i (t )

• Lets
v(t )  Vm cos(t   v )
i (t )  I m cos(t   i )

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 Sinusoidal Steady-State Power
Calculation
Instantaneous and Average Power
• Therefore,
p(t )  v(t )i (t )
 Vm I m cos(t   v ) cos(t   i )

• Apply trigonometric identity

1
cos A cos B  cos( A  B)  cos( A  B)
2
• Hence,
1 1
p (t )  Vm I m cos(t   v  t   i ) Vm I m cos(t   v  t   i )
2 2
1 1
 Vm I m cos( v   i ) Vm I m cos(2t   v   i )
2 2 4
 Sinusoidal Steady-State Power
Calculation
Instantaneous and Average Power
• The instantaneous power change with time, therefore difficult to
measure.
• The average Power is more convenient to measure.
• In wattmeter, the instruments are responds to average power.
• The average power is

1 T
P   p(t )dt
T 0
1 T1 1 T1
  Vm I m cos( v   i )dt   Vm I m cos(2t   v   i )dt
T 0 2 T 0 2
1 1 T 1 1 T
 Vm I m cos( v   i )  dt  Vm I m  cos(2t   v   i )dt
2 T 0 2 T 0 5
 Sinusoidal Steady-State Power
Calculation
Instantaneous and Average Power
• Therefore
1
P  Vm I m cos( v   i )
2
• Means that p(t) is time-varying and P does not depend on time.
• From
v(t )  Vm cos(t   v ) V  Vm  v
i (t )  I m cos(t   i ) To phasor form I  I m  i

• Notice that, 1 1
VI *  Vm I m  v   i
2 2
1
 Vm I m cos( v   i )  j sin( v   i )
2 6
 Sinusoidal Steady-State Power
Calculation
Instantaneous and Average Power
• The real part of the expression is average power
1 1
P Re[VI * ]  Vm I m cos( v   i )
2 2
• If  v  (Purely
i resistive)
1 1 2 1 2
P Vm I m  I m R  I R
2 2 2
2
where I  I  I*


• If  v   i   90 (Purely reactive)
1
P Vm I m cos 90  0
2
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 Sinusoidal Steady-State Power
Calculation
• Example 1
v (t )  120 cos(377t  45 ) V
i (t )  10 cos(377t  10 ) A

Find instantaneous power and average power

1
cos A cos B  cos( A  B)  cos( A  B)
2

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 Sinusoidal Steady-State Power
Calculation
• Example 2
Calculate the average power absorbed by impedance Z
Z  30  j 70 
when the voltage across it

V  120 V

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 Sinusoidal Steady-State Power
Calculation
Average and Reactive Power

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 Sinusoidal Steady-State Power
Calculation
Average and Reactive Power
• What is the corresponding relation in phasor domain?

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 Sinusoidal Steady-State Power
Calculation
The RMS Value and Power Calculations
• The effective value, Ieff of a periodic current i(t) is the equivalent dc
current that delivers the same average power to a resistor as the
periodic current.

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 Sinusoidal Steady-State Power
Calculation
The RMS Value and Power Calculations

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 Sinusoidal Steady-State Power
Calculation
Complex Power

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 Sinusoidal Steady-State Power
Calculation
Complex Power

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 Sinusoidal Steady-State Power
Calculation
Complex Power

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 Sinusoidal Steady-State Power
Calculation
Complex Power

Q is measure of the energy exchange between the source and the

reactive part of the load.

Reactive power represents the lossless interchange between the

and the source.
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 Sinusoidal Steady-State Power
Calculation
Complex Power

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 Sinusoidal Steady-State Power
Calculation
Complex Power

Lagging pf means current lags

voltage

Leading pf means current leads

voltage

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 Sinusoidal Steady-State Power
Calculation
Power Calculations

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 Sinusoidal Steady-State Power
Calculation
Power Calculations

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 Sinusoidal Steady-State Power
Calculation
Power Calculations

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 Sinusoidal Steady-State Power
Calculation
Power Calculations

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 Sinusoidal Steady-State Power
Calculation
Power Calculations

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 Sinusoidal Steady-State Power
Calculation
Power Calculations

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 Sinusoidal Steady-State Power
Calculation
Power Calculations
• Example
Given the load voltage and current

Find:
a) S
b) P and Q
c) pf and ZL

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 Sinusoidal Steady-State Power
Calculation
Power Calculations
• Example (Solution)

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 Sinusoidal Steady-State Power
Calculation
Power Calculations
• Conservation of AC Power

The complex power supply by the

source

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 Sinusoidal Steady-State Power
Calculation
Power Calculations
• Conservation of AC Power
Similarly
The complex power supply by the
source

** The complex (Real or Reactive) power of the source equals

the respective sum of the complex (Real or Reactive) powers
of the individual load.

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 Sinusoidal Steady-State Power
Calculation
Power Calculations
• Most industrial loads are inductive, and operated at low lagging
power factor

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 Sinusoidal Steady-State Power
Calculation
Power Calculations
• This will sacrificing some generator real power output capability to
provide the reactive power.
• Also from the users’ view point, to reduce energy cost due to the
penalty of low pf. It is worth to increase the pf.
• Solution:
» for inductive loads,
» add parallel capacitor,
» without influencing the average power, P.

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 Sinusoidal Steady-State Power
Calculation
Power Calculations
• This will sacrificing some generator real power output capability to
provide the reactive power.
• Also from the users’ view point, to reduce energy cost due to the
penalty of low pf. It is worth to increase the pf.
• Solution:
» for inductive loads,
» add parallel capacitor,
» without influencing the average power, P.

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 Sinusoidal Steady-State Power
Calculation
Power Calculations
Original load,

After power factor correction,

Then,

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 Sinusoidal Steady-State Power
Calculation
Power Factor Correction P  S1 cos 1
Q1  S1 sin 1  P tan 1
Since, P1  P2  P  S 2 cos  2
Therefore
Q2  P tan  2
Qc  Q1  Q2  P (tan 1  tan  2 )

2
Vrms 2
Qc   CVrms
Xc
Finally ,
Qc P (tan 1  tan  2 )
C 2
 2
Vrms Vrms 34
 Sinusoidal Steady-State Power
Calculation
Power Factor Correction
• Example 1
Voltage source of

The electrical load absorbs 4 kW at a lagging power factor 0.8. Find

C to raise the power factor to 0.95.

• Example 2
Fine the value of parallel capacitance needed to correct a load of 140
kVAR at 0.85 lagging pf to unity pf. The source is 110 V, 60 Hz line.

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SEKIAN TERIMA KASIH

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