GROUP NO 2

LEAD, LAG AND LEAD-LAG COMPANSATORS

 COMPANSATION.
Compensation in control systems refers to the process of modifying or
adjusting the system's response to improve its performance. It involves
adding components or modifying parameters in the control system to
achieve desired behavior, such as faster response, reduced oscillations, or
improved stability.
The selection of compensation techniques depends on the system's
requirements and desired performance. It often involves analyzing the
system's response using techniques such as root locus plots, Bode plots, or
Nyquist plots, and then designing and tuning the compensators accordingly.
There are different types of compensation techniques used in control
systems, including:
Lead Compensation.
Lead compensators are used to increase the system's response speed and
improve its stability. They introduce a phase lead at certain frequencies,
which helps in reducing the overall phase lag of the system. This
compensation technique is often used to improve the transient response of a
control system.
Lag Compensation.
Lag compensators are used to improve the stability and steady-state accuracy
of a control system. They introduce a phase lag at certain frequencies, which
reduces the overall phase lead. This compensation technique is often used to
reduce steady-state error in control systems.
Lead-Lag Compensation.
Lead-lag compensators combine the benefits of both lead and lag
compensation. They are used to improve the transient response, stability, and
steady-state accuracy of a control system. Lead-lag compensators provide
both phase lead and phase lag at different frequencies to achieve the desired
response.
COMPANSATOR.
A compensator in control systems refers to a device or component that is added to the
system to modify its behavior and improve its performance. The compensator adjusts the
input-output relationship of the control system to meet specific design objectives.
The purpose of a compensator is to shape the system's response by altering its transfer
function, usually in terms of gain and phase. The compensator can be implemented using
various techniques, such as analog electronic circuits, digital filters, or software algorithms.
The compensator's design is based on the analysis of the control system's characteristics
and performance requirements. The compensator may be designed to achieve objectives
such as stability, desired response time, steady-state accuracy, disturbance rejection, or
robustness to uncertainties.
Different types of compensators are used in control systems, depending on the specific requirements
and design goals. Some common types of compensators include:
LEAD COMPENSATOR.
Provides a phase lead at specific frequencies to enhance system stability and
transient response. The lead compensator circuit in the ‘s’ domain is shown in the
following figure.

Here, the capacitor is parallel to the resistor R1 and the output is measured across resistor $R_2.
LAG COMPENSATOR.

Lag compensator: Introduces a phase lag at certain frequencies to

improve steady-state accuracy and reduce oscillations. The Lag
Compensator is an electrical network which produces a
sinusoidal output having the phase lag when a sinusoidal input is
applied. The lag compensator circuit in the ‘s’ domain is shown
in the following figure.
Here, the capacitor is in series with the resistor R2 and the output
is measured across this combination.
LEAD-LAG COMPENSATOR.
Lead-lag compensator: Combines the benefits of both lead and lag
compensators to achieve a desired response in terms of stability, transient
response, and steady-state accuracy. It is a combination of both the lag and the
lead compensators. The lag-lead compensator circuit in the ‘s’ domain is
shown in the following figure.
The design and tuning of a compensator involve mathematical
modeling, system analysis, and control theory techniques. The
goal is to achieve the desired performance by selecting
appropriate compensator parameters or transfer function
structures.
Overall, a compensator is an essential component in control
systems that allows engineers to shape and optimize the system's
response according to specific requirements.
To make the unstable transfer function stable, you can use a compensator to modify the
system's dynamics. Here's a general approach to stabilize the system using
compensation:

1. Identify the characteristics of the unstable transfer function: In this case, we

have the transfer function G(s) = 1 / (s - 2), which has an unstable pole at s = 2.
2. Determine the stability requirements: Define the desired stability margins and
performance specifications for the system. These may include requirements
such as overshoot, settling time, or gain margin.
3. Choose a compensation technique: Select a compensation technique that can
modify the transfer function to achieve stability and meet the desired
performance requirements. Some common techniques include PID control,
lead/lag compensation, state feedback control, pole placement, or H-infinity
control.
4. Design the compensator: Depending on the chosen technique, design the
compensator to stabilize the system. The design process will involve selecting
appropriate parameters or controller gains to achieve stability.
5. Analyze the stability of the compensated system: Once the compensator is
designed, analyze the stability of the overall system by considering the
combined effect of the compensator and the original transfer function.
Techniques such as root locus analysis, frequency response analysis, or
simulation can help evaluate the stability and performance of the compensated
system.
6. Adjust and iterate: If the initial compensator design does not meet the
desired stability or performance requirements, make adjustments and iterate
through the design process until the system meets the specifications.
It's important to note that the specific design process and
compensator type will depend on the system requirements and the
chosen compensation technique. The above steps provide a general
guideline, but the details will vary based on the specific situation.
Utilizing control system design software or consulting relevant
literature on the chosen compensation technique can provide
further guidance in designing a stable compensator for the given
transfer function.
REFERRENCE.
1:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lead%E2%80%93lag_compensator
2: https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/engineering/lag-compensator
3:https://courses.engr.illinois.edu/ece486/sp2018/handbook/
lec13.html
THANK YOU!