Introduction to Control

Systems

ME 310
 INTRODUCTION TO CONTROL SYSTEMS

 Control System Definition

 It Consists of subsystems and processes assembled for the
purpose of controlling the outputs of the process
 Ex: A furnace produces heat as a result of the flow of
fuel.

 In simplest form, it provides an output or response for a given

input or stimulus .

Input, Stimulus Control Output: Response

Desired Response Systems Actual Response
 Advantages of Control Systems

 Advantages of control systems

 We can move large components

 We can point huge antennas toward greater distances

 Elevators carry us quickly

 Primary Reasons why control systems are built
1. Power Amplification
2. Remote Control
3. Convenience of Input Form
4. Compensation for disturbances
 Advantages of Control Systems

 POWER AMPLIFICATION
 Control Systems can produce the needed power amplification or
power gain
 Example: Radar antenna positioned by a low power position of
a knob at the input, requires a large amount of power for its
output rotation.

 Remote Control
 Control Systems can also be useful in remote or dangerous
locations
 Example: A remote controlled robot arm can be used to pick up
materials in a radioactive environment.
 Advantages of Control Systems

 Convenience of input control

 Control Systems can also be used to provide convenience by
changing the form of the input
 Example: In a temperature control system, the input is a
positive on a thermostat, the output is heat

 Compensation for disturbances

 Control Systems must be able to yield the correct output even with
disturbances
 Example: An antenna system that points in a commanded
direction.
 The Control System Engineer

 Control System engineering

 It is a field in which you can apply your engineering talent because
it cuts across numerous disciplines and numerous functions
within those disciplines.

 Who are the Control System Engineers?

 Skilled professionals concerned with understanding and
controlling segments of their environment , often called systems,
to provide useful economic products for society.

 Characteristic Quality of control engineering:

 Opportunity to control machines, industrial and economic
processes for the benefit of the society.
 Response Characteristics and System
Configuration

 Input and Output

 The input is the desired response

 The output is the actual response

• Example: Elevator
 Input=Push button; represented by a step command
 Output = floor level depends on the input
 Two factors make the output different from the input
 1. Compare the instantaneous change of the input against the
gradual change of the output.
 2. Compare the accuracy of the elevator’s leveling with the floor
 Response Characteristics and System
Configuration

Transient Response – Gradual change from the input to the output

Steady state response – Approximation of the desired response
Steady state Error - The accuracy of the elevator’s leveling with the
floor
 Response Characteristics and System
Configuration

 Two Major Configuration of Control System:

 1. Open Loop- An open loop system utilizes an actuating device to
control the process directly without using feedback.

 2. Close Loop – A closed loop control system utilizes an additional

measure of the actual output to compare the actual output with the
desired output response. The measure is called the feedback signal
 The Design Process
STEP 1 : Transform Requirements into a Physical System
- Determine a physical system and specifications from the
requirements.

STEP 2: Draw a functional Block Diagram

- Translates a qualitative description of the system into a
functional block diagram that describes the component part of the
system.
- Ex: Antenna Azimuth Position CS block diagram

-
Antenna Azimuth Position Control System

- The Antenna Azimuth Position

Control System turns the input
command in output position.
- This system is widely used in
antennas , robots and computer
disks.
- The purpose of this system is the
input angle to be turned into
output angle of the antenna.
- The potentiometer converts the
angular rotation in voltage.
- The output angle rotations are
turning based from the input
voltage.
 The Design Process
STEP 3 : Create a Schematic
- Transform a physical system into schematic
- Ex: Antenna Azimuth Position CS:

STEP 4: Develop a Mathematical model-Block Diagram

- Use the schematic to obtain a block diagram, signal flow diagram, or state space
representation
- Ex: Kirchoff’s voltage law, Kirchoff’s current law, Newton’s Law
 The Design Process
STEP 5 : Reduce the block diagram
- If multiple blocks, reduce the block diagram to a single or closed
loop system.
- Ex: Antenna Azimuth Position CS:

STEP 6: Analyze and Design

- Analyze, Design, and test to see that requirements and
specification are met.
 The Design Process

Step 1:
Determine a Step 3:
Step 2:
physical system Transform a
Draw a functional
and specifications physical system
block diagram.
from the into a schematic
requirements

Step 4:
Step 6: Step 5:
Use the schematic
Analyze, design, If multiple blocks,
to obtain a block
and test to see that reduce the block
diagram, signal
requirements and diagram to a single
flow diagram, or
specification are block or closed
state space
met loop system
representation