Wave and Crystal

Physics
• Noor Khurshid
(FA20-BPH-114)
• Areej Fatima
(FA20-BPH-110)
• Ayeza Mehmood
(FA20-BPH-120)
Contents

• Structure Factor
• Phonon; elastic wave in crystal
• Group velocity and Phase velocity
Structure Factor
X-Ray crystallography

• Braggs law

• Peak intensity of X-Ray crystallography is given by

Where |F| : structure factor

Wave Addition
Structure factor
“Structure Factor is a complex number that describes about the
amplitude and phase of diffracted X-rays from each set of crystal lattice
plane”

Structure factor has two components

• Amplitude: intensity of diffracted X-rays
• Phase: relative positions of atom
Structure Factor for
NaCl
Applications
Industrial application
• Material characterization
• Pharmaceutical industry
Real world application
• Nanotechnology
• Superconductor industry
• Protein structure determination
Phonon
Introduction to phonon
• Definition of phonons as quasiparticles representing collective
vibrations of atoms or molecules in a solid.

• Phonons are fundamental units of lattice vibrations in crystalline

materials.
Phonon
• Energy and momentum and frequency of phonon
• Transverse and longitudinal modes of phonon
• Optical and accustical mode
Application of phonon
• Phonons have applications in thermal conductivity, thermoelectricity,
and superconductivity. They also play a role in the behavior of
semiconductors and insulators.
Elastic wave in crystal
• Crystal Elastic waves in crystals refer to the propagation of
mechanical vibrations or disturbances through the crystal lattice.
These waves involve the collective motion of atoms or ions in the and
play a fundamental role in understanding the mechanical behavior of
solids.
Elastic wave in crystal
Types of elastic wave
• longitudinal elastic wave
• transverse elastic wave
• surface waves
Dependence of elastic wave
Applications
• material science
• solid state physics
• For structural and mechanical properties of crystals
• In the operation of electronic devices(piezoelectric sensors and
acoustic wave filters)
Group velocity and phase
velocity
Phase Velocity
• The velocity in which a plane
monochromatic wave moves through
a medium is known as phase.
• Mathematically
v=ω/k
Here, ω is the angular frequency, ω =
2πf and k is the wave number, k = 2π /
λ
v = ω / k = (2πf) / (2π / λ) = λf
v = λf
• Applications
1. Phonon Waves in Crystals : Important
in understanding thermal and
mechanical properties of material
2. Electron Waves in Solids: electrons in
a solid can exhibit wave-like behavior.
3. Sound Waves: In solids, sound waves
propagate as mechanical vibrations.
Group velocity
• The velocity with which a wave
packet(group of waves)moves in a
medium is called group velocity.
• Mathematically
vg = dω/dk
here ω is the angular frequency and k is the
wave vector.
• Applications
1. Semiconductor Devices: : The
device's performance and
characteristics.
2. Electronic Band Structure :
The group velocity determines
how electrons propagate through
energy bands in a crystal lattice.
3. Energy Transport: The group
velocity is important in
understanding the transport of
energy in solid-state systems.
Relation between phase velocity and group
velocity
• Non-Dispersive
Systems
• Normal Dispersion
• Anomalous Dispersion
Thanks