VOCABULARY

ENRICHMENT

Group-1
 ETYMOLOGICAL THEORY
Etymology is the study of the history
of words, their origins, and how their
form and meaning have changed over
time By extension, the term "the
etymology (of a word)" means the
origin of the particular word and for
place names, there is a specific term,
toponymy.
TYPES OF VOCABULARY

Listening
Speaking
Reading
Writing
LISTENING
-refers to the words we hear and comprehend.

SPEAKING
-refers to the words we speak.

READING
-refers to the words we recognize when we read any text.

WRITING
-represents those words which we regain while writing to
express ourselves
IMPORTANCE OF VOCABULARY

"Without grammar, very little can be

conveyed, without vocabulary, nothing
can be conveyed.“
- Wilkins (1972)-
A wide-ranging vocabulary helps in
countenance and communication.

The range of vocabulary is directly

interconnected to reading ability.

Linguistic vocabulary is identical to

thinking vocabulary.

A person is assessed by others on the basis

of his or her vocabulary.
LEVEL OF LANGUAGE
1) Phonetics, Phonology- this is the
level of sounds.
2) Morphology -this is the level of
words and endings, to put it in
simplified terms.
3) Syntax-this is the level of sentences.
It is concerned with the meanings of
words in combination with each
other to form phrases or sentences
4) Semantics -this is the area of
meaning. It might be thought that
semantics is covered by the areas of
morphology and syntax, but it is
quickly seen that this level needs to be
studied on its own to have a proper
perspective on meaning in language.
5.) Pragmatics -the concern here is with
the use of language in specific situations.
The meaning of sentences need not be the
same in an abstract form and in practical
use.
CONTEXT CLUES
Context Clues are hints that the
author gives to help define a
difficult or unusual word. The clue
may appear within the same
sentence as the word to which it
refers, or it may follow in a
preceding sentence.
 TYPES OF CONTEXT CLUES
1. Definition/Explanation Clues
Sometimes a word's or phrase's meaning is
explained immediately after its use.
Example:
◦ "Haberdashery, which is a store that sells men’s
clothing, is becoming more
common today.”
2. Restatement/Synonym Clues
Sometimes a hard word or phrase is
said in a simple way.
Example:
"Lou was sent to the haberdashery to
find a new suit. He needed to wear one
for his uncle’s wedding."
Because the sentence says that Lou
would find a suit at the haberdashery,
then it must be a place where clothes for
men are sold.
3. Contrast/Antonym Clues
Sometimes a word or phrase is clarified by
the presentation of the opposite meaning
somewhere close to its use. Look for signal
words when applying context clues.

Example:
"Lou wanted to go to the haberdashery, but
Ann wanted to shop at the boutique.”
 The signal word but tells the reader that an
opposite thought is going to be stated.
4. Inference/General Context Clues
Sometimes a word or phrase is not
immediately clarified within the same
sentence. Relationships, which are not
directly apparent, are inferred or implied. The
reader must look for clues within, before, and
after the sentence in which the word is used.

Example:

“The haberdashery was Lou’s favorite place. He

loved shopping for nice suits. The people who
worked there were so kind and helpful.”
5. Punctuation

Readers can also use clues of punctuation and type style to

infer meaning, such as quotation marks (showing the word has
a special meaning), dashes , parentheses or brackets (enclosing
a definition), and italics (showing the word will be defined).

Examples:
Tom's father was a haberdasher, or men’s shop keeper, in the
story.
Tom's father was a haberdasher (men’s shop keeper) in the
story.
In the story, Tom's father was a haberdasher-or men’s shop
keeper.
Tom's father was a “haberdasher”. He had a clothing store for
men.
DENOTATION AND CONNOTATION
OF WORDS
 CONNOTATION

◦ refers to the wide array of positive and

negative associations that most words
naturally carry with them.

◦ is the emotional and imaginative

association surrounding a word.
DENOTATION

is the precise, literal definition of

a word that might be found in a
dictionary.

is the strict dictionary meaning

of a word.
 IDIOMATIC EXPRESSION
are a type of informal language that have a meaning
different from the meaning of the words in the
expression.

EXAMPLE

 Hold your tongue.

 This idiom doesn't actually mean that
you should stick your fingers in your
mouth and grab a hold of your tongue.
It means that you shouldn't talk.
Synonyms and Antonyms

A synonym, or word with the same

meaning, is used in the sentence

A antonym, word or group of words

that has the opposite meaning reveals
the meaning of an unknown term.
Antonym and Synonym Examples
FIGURE OF SPEECH
isa word or phrase that possesses a
separate meaning from its literal
definition.
SIMILE
 is a comparison between two
unlike things using the words
"like" or "as."
EXAMPLE
As slippery as an eel
Like peas in a pod
As blind as a bat
 METAPHOR

makes a comparison between two

unlike things or ideas.

EXAMPLE
Heart of stone
Time is money
The world is a stage
 ALLITERATION
is the repetition of the beginning
sounds of neighboring words.

EXAMPLE
She sells seashells.
Walter wondered where Winnie was.
Blue baby bonnets bobbed through
the bayou.
 PERSONIFICATION
gives human qualities to
non-living things or ideas.
EXAMPLE
The flowers nodded.
The snowflakes danced.
The thunder grumbled.
HYPERBOLE
uses exaggeration for emphasis
or effect.
EXAMPLE
I've told you to stop a thousand
times.
That must have cost a billion
dollars.
I could do this forever.
 OXYMORON
is two contradictory terms used together.

EXAMPLE
Peace force
Kosher ham
Jumbo shrimp
Sweet sorrow
Free market
 ASSONANCE
 is the repetition of vowel sounds (not just letters) in
words that are close together. The sounds don't have to
be at the beginning of the word.
EXAMPLE
A - For the rare and radiant maiden whom the angels
named Lenore. (Poe)
E - Therefore, all seasons shall be sweet to thee.
(Coleridge)
I - From what I've tasted of desire, I hold with those who
favor fire. (Frost)
O - Oh hear old Triton blow his wreathed horn.
(Wordsworth)
U - Uncertain rustling of each purple curtain (Poe)
ONOMATOPOEIA
◦ is the term for a word that sounds like what it is
describing.

EXAMPLE
Whoosh
Splat
Buzz
Click
Oink
 IRONY
occurs when there's a marked contrast between what is
said and what is meant, or between appearance and
reality.
EXAMPLE
"How nice!" she said, when I told her I had to work all
weekend. (Verbal irony)
A traffic cop gets suspended for not paying his parking
tickets. (Situational irony)
The Titanic was said to be unsinkable but sank on its first
voyage. (Situational irony)
Naming a tiny Chihuahua Brutus. (Verbal irony)
When the audience knows the killer is hiding in a closet in
a scary movie, but the actors do not. (Dramatic irony)
Thank you and
God Bless  