ELECTRICAL SYSTEMS

OHM'S LAW

POWER FORMULA

ELECTRICAL
CIRCUIT
Prepared by EMMANUEL SIY
 Ohm's law states that the current through
a conductor is directly proportional to
voltage. We use inverse of resistance as
proportional constant. The mathematical
form of this law is:

I=V / R

Here I, V & R is for Current, Voltage &

Resistance.

Ohm’s LAW

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 Georg Simon Ohm was a German physicist born in
Erlangen, Bavaria, on March 16,1787. As a high
school teacher, Ohm started his research with the
then recently invented electric cell, invented by
Italian Conte Alessandro Volta. Using equipment of
his own creation, Ohm determined that the
current that flows through a wire is proportional to
its cross-sectional area and inversely proportional to
its length. Using the results of his experiments,
Georg Simon Ohm was able to define the
fundamental relationship between voltage,
current,and resistance

GEORGE SIMON
OHM TOPIC
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 Unfortunately, when Ohm published
his finding in 1827, his ideas were
dismissed by his colleagues. Ohm was
forced to resign from his high-school
teaching position and he lived in
poverty and shame. However, his
research efforts gained a lot of
support outside of Germany. In 1849,
Georg Simon Ohm was finally
recognized for his efforts by being
appointed as a professor at the
University of Munich.

Simple Circuit

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So we can say that, the potential difference (voltage)
across an ideal conductor is proportional to the
current through it. The constant of proportionality is
called the"resistance", R. Ohm's Law is given by:
V=1 R where V is the potential difference
between two points which include a resistance R.

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APPLICATION
From ohm 's law we can measure resistance and
voltage.
R =V / I for resistance
V= I x R for voltage
Advance level laws such as Kirchhoff's
Norton's, Thevenin's are based on
this law.
DC Power supply is employed as power source
for different components in
labs. It provides variable output voltage based
on the resistance and the
overall working is controlled by Ohm's law.
Electric Heaters, Kettles and other
equipment also follows this law
Mobile phone & laptop chargers
Mobile phone & laptop chargers use DC power supply in
operations. As described earlier that working of this supply
'depends on the Ohm's law.
Resistive filament bulb
Although not widely employed today, the old day's filament
bulb holds the application of P=Vl (a modified form of V
-1 R)
Alternator
Modern day generation of electrical power Alternator
Synchronous generator. The internally generated voltages
are based on flux which in turn uses resistance/current
relationships of rotors winding
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The other equipment which uses similar
applications of law in their
working are all named here:
· Bectric Iron
· Rocket
· Spaceship
· Solid state Electronics
· BJT Transistors
· Amplifiers
· MOSFETS
· Cell phone/Electronic circuits
· Wiring and working of small/ medium/
large/ mega sized IC and discrete circuits.

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 The limitations of Ohm's law are explained as
follows:
· This law cannot be applied to unilateral networks.
A unilateral network has unilateral elements like

LIMITATION diode, transistor, etc., which do not have same

voltage current relation for both directions of
current.

Ohm's law is also not applicable for non-linear

elements. Non-linear elements are those which do
not give current through it, is not exactly
proportional to the voltage applied, that means the
resistance value of those elements changes for
different values of voltage.

Examples of non-linear elements are thyristor,

electric arc, etc.

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 ● equation: Power P=I· V=R· 12=V2/R
where power is in watts, voltage Vis in
volts and current I is in amperes (DC).

● If there is AC, look also at the power factor

PF· cos p and p· power factor angle

(phase angle) between voltage and
amperage.

POWER FORMULA ● Electric Energy is E=P· t-measured in

watt-hours, or also in kwh. 1J· 1N×m-
1W×s

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SERIES CIRCUIT

There is only ONE path for

the electrons to take between
any two points in the circuit.
* There will be no alternative route.

*Has more than one RESISTOR.

Since there is only one path for the
current to travel, the current through each
of the resistors is the same.

* Resistors are components that

are used to control the amount
of current flowing in a circuit.

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Parallel Circuit

● Two or more components are

connected between the same
two points.

● Has more than one resistor

and gets its name form having
muwms to move along.

● Charges can move through

any of the several paths. If
one of the items in the circuit is
broken, then no charge will
move through that path. But
other paths will continue to have
charges flow through them.

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TYPES OF CIRCUIT

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EQUIVALENT RESISTANCE
ls the amount of resistance that a single resistor
would need in order to equal the overall effect of
the collection of resistors that are present in the
Circuit.

RESISTORS IN SERIES:
Two resistances are connected in series if all
the current from one resistor must flow through
the second; there is no alternative route.

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EQUIVALENT RESISTANCE
From conservation of
charge:
ll=l2=
where I is the current through the combination.
V1 + V2=V
-aJ
where V is the potential difference across both
resistors.
The two resistors can be replaced by a single
resistor with the equivalent resistance
V_P; +2_+=+=, R1+, Rz
For more than two resistors, Req=R1 + R2 + R3 +

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 RESISTOR IN PARALLEL

○ Two resistors are connected in parallel if

they
are joined at both ends such that the
potential
difference across both resistors is the
same. The
current splits, flows through the two
resistors, then
comes back together with no alternate
path.

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EQUIVALENT RESISTANCE:
Fmm
conservation of
charge:
+ 1.=
Fmm
conservation of V, =V, =V
energy:
The two resistors can be replaced by a single
resistor with the equivalent resistance Req:
'",",-·%-·., （ · 2 ）
For more than two resistors:
RZt R, . 23

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Thank
You
REFERENCE:

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Ohms Law Tutorial and Power in Electrical Circuits

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