Revision on Probability Tree

Diagram
• To use tree diagrams, we need
to know the probability of
individual events occurring
and use the fact that
probabilities on each set
of branches add up to 1
Probability tree diagrams start
by showing the possible
outcomes for the first event,
with the outcomes at the
ends of the branches and
the probabilities written
along the branches.
• The probabilities of the
events can be written
as fractions or decimals. 
For example,
A coin is flipped and a dice
is rolled.
What is the probability of
getting a ‘tail’ and a ‘6’?
• The first event is flipping the coin. The two
possible outcomes are ‘heads’ and
‘tails’. These are mutually exclusive
events. They cannot happen at the same time.
• The second event is rolling the dice. The
possible outcomes are ‘1’,‘2’,‘3’,‘4’,‘5’
and ‘6’. However, the question is only
interested in ‘6’, so we can have a ‘6’ branch
and a ‘not a 6’ branch
• These outcomes can occur
whether the coin landed on
heads or tails so we add
these outcomes to the end of
both branches in order to
show all possible
combinations of outcomes
The probability of getting a ‘6’ is .
The probability of getting ‘not a 6’ will be 
Remember that the probabilities on each set
of branches add up to 1.
We want the probability of getting a tail
and a 6 so we follow the path that shows
tail and 6.
The AND rule for probability states
that 
Taking the probabilities from the
corresponding branches of the tree
diagram, we get
Probability of getting a ‘tail’ and
a ‘6’ is
• How to use a tree diagram to find
probability
• In order to use a tree diagram to find probability:

1. Fill in the probabilities on the branches.

2.Consider which outcomes are required to
answer the question.
3.Find the probability of those outcomes by
multiplying along the branches.
4.Use the probability/probabilities you have
calculated to answer the question.
Probability
tree diagram
examples
Example 2: two independent events
In a bag there are 10 balls. There are 4 red
balls and the remaining balls are green.
A ball is removed at random and the colour
noted. The ball is replaced.
A second ball is removed at random and the
colour is noted. Complete the tree diagram.
Work out the probability that there will be
one ball of each colour.
Example 3: two independent events

Mary has to catch 2 buses to work. The

probability the first bus will be late
is 0.1 and the probability the second bus
will be late is 0.3.
Complete the tree diagram.
Work out the probability that at
least one bus will be late.
Example 4: dependent events

There are 9 sweets in a bag. 3 of the sweets

are mints and the remaining sweets are
chews. A sweet is taken out at random and is
eaten. A second sweet is taken at random and
is also eaten.
Complete the tree diagram.
Work out the probability that two mints are
eaten
Example 5: dependent events

In a bag there are 7 counters. There

are 2 black counters and the remaining
counters are white. A counter is removed and
the colour noted. The counter is NOT
replaced. A second counter is removed and
the colour is noted. Complete the tree
diagram. Work out the probability that there
will be one counter of each colour picked.
Example 6: three independent
events

Three coins are flipped.

Complete the tree diagram.
Work out the probability of
getting 3 heads
•Use graphing
to solve
quadratic
equations
A quadratic equation as you remember
is an equation that can be written on the
standard form
,wherea≠0
You know how to solve a quadratic
equation using factoring. Another way
of solving a quadratic equation is to
solve it graphically. The roots of a
quadratic equation are the x-intercepts
of the graph
To graph the equation. This
could either be done by
making a table of values as we
have done in previous
sections or by computer or a
graphing calculator.
• What are the roots of a quadratic?

• The roots of a quadratic function are

the values of the  where the function
crosses the . They are sometimes
called the 
• A quadratic function will have
zero, one (repeated), or two real
roots.
• When you solve a quadratic
equation in the form with
the right-hand side equal to zero,
you are finding the roots
How to solve quadratic equations
graphically

In order to find the solutions of a quadratic

equation using a graph:
1. Rearrange the equation so that one
side =0 (if necessary).
2. Draw the graph of the quadratic function.
3. Read off the x-coordinate(s) of the point(s)
where the curve crosses the x-axis
Example 1

Solve the equation

The parabola cross the -axis at
and . These are the roots of the
quadratic equation.
We can compare this solution to the one
we would get if we were to solve the
quadratic equation by factoring
• Remember:

• A quadratic equation has two roots if

its graph has two x-intercepts
• A quadratic equation has one root it its
graph has one x-intercept
• A quadratic equation has no real
solutions if its graph has no x-
intercepts.
• Example 1: a simple
quadratic

• Find the solutions of the

equation
graphically
• Example 2: a trinomial
quadratic

• Find the solutions of the equation 

graphically
Example 3: a rearrangement

• Find the solutions of the

equation 
graphically.
Solving a quadratic equation when a graph is
given
In order to find solutions to a quadratic equation
using a graph:
1.Rearrange so that one side of the equation
matches the graphed function.
2.Write y= the other side of the equation and plot
this function.
3.At the intersection points, draw vertical lines
down to the x-axis to find the solutions.
We have solutions 
, correct to 1 decimal place.
What is standard form?
Standard form is a way of writing very
large or very small numbers by
comparing the powers of ten. It is also
known as scientific notation.
Numbers in standard form are written
in this format:
Where  is a number and is an integer.
Example 1:
Solve the following and leave your answer in
the standard form

1.  
Example 2:
Convert to original
form.
Example 3:
The number written in standard
form is The number written in
standard form is 5 × 10 -2

Calculate ive your answer in

standard form
Transformation
of an object in a
coordinate
plane
Reflection
A reflection is a
transformation where every
point is the same distance
from the center line. A
reflection is also called a flip
or a mirror image.
It is congruent to the
pre-image and the
only thing needed to
calculate a reflection
is the line of
reflection.
With the line of reflection,
count the distance from
each individual point to
the line of reflection and
move the same amount in
the opposite direction.
• Translation
• A translation is a
transformation where a
figure is being moved.
Translations are also called a
slide because the shape is
being slid across a graph.
• The shape is congruent and
each point is moved the
exact same amount to get the
image. To make the image of
a translation, the
information given is the
direction of the movement
using a coordinate pair
• If a figure is being
translated 4 units to
the right and 2 units
down the coordinate
pair would be
• The x-axis moves left
and right, left will be
subtracted and right will
be added, and the y-axis
moved up and down, up
is added and down is
subtracted.
Find the
coordinates of
the translated
shape below:
Addition and Subtraction of
Algebraic Fractions
• To add or subtract algebraic fractions:
Find the lowest common multiple of the
denominators.
Express all fractions in terms of the lowest
common denominator.
Simplify the numerators to obtain the
numerator of the answer.
Expansion
of three
brackets
To expand three
brackets, expand and
simplify two of the
brackets then multiply
the resulting expression
by the third bracket.
Expand and simplify the
following:
Circle Theorem

Properties of a
Circle Theorem
• Inequality regions:
•
An inequality can be represented
graphically as a region on one side of a line.
• Inequalities that use < or > symbols
are plotted with a dashed line to
show that the line is not included in
the region. Inequalities that use ≤ or
≥ symbols are plotted with a solid
line to show that the line is included
in the region.
Example
Show the region
satisfied by the
inequality .
Solution:
Identify the two regions shown by the
inequalities. These are  and .
For : draw a dotted line at .  is the graph
made by coordinates points where x is equal
to -2, for example (-2, 5), (-2, 4), (-2, 3), (-2,
2) and so on.
For : draw a solid line at .  is the graph made
by coordinate points where x is equal to 3, for
example (3, -4), (3, -3), (3,-2), (3, -1) and so
on.
Example 2:
Show the region
satisfied by the
inequalities 
 and .
Converting
Recurring
decimals to
fractions
Examples:
Express the following repeating decimals in
the form
Vectors
Definition of a vector
A vector is an object that has both a 
magnitude and a direction.
• This means that its measurement requires
two or more numbers. Examples of vector
quantities are weight, Velocity and
displacement.
• Representation of Vectors
• A free vector is a vector that does not start
from the origin as shown below;
Position Vectors It is a vector
that has the origin as a starting
point.
The vector indicates a movement
from the origin O, to a point P.
p(small letter) is called the position
vector of the point OP. Thus, if A =
(x, y), then = ( )
For Example:
𝐴
𝑎 𝐵
𝑏
O

The position vector AB can be derived as:

, hence
or
Inverse or Negative Vector
Perpendicular Vectors
Two vectors a and b are
perpendicular if;
1. The product of their gradients is
– 1.
2. If their dot product is zero i. e.
a×b=0
Worked Examples

Find a vector that is

perpendicular to
Parallel Vectors
For two vectors to be parallel, their
cross product is equal

Example:
State whether the given pair vectors are
parallel or not
Find the magnitude of
the vector , given that
and
Addition and Subtraction of vectors

Addition of Vectors
Subtraction of Vectors
Change of Subject of
an equation
Equation of a
straight line
Area of a Sector
Long
Multiplication
with Decimals
Long
Division with
Decimals
Quadratic
Equations
Solve the following quadratic equations
either by the factorization method or formula
method
1.

2.

3.

4.
Power
of Zero
1. Prove that
2.Simplify the following
properties of indices
(a)
(b)
(c)
Algebraic
Areas of
rectilinear
shapes
1. A rectangular field is 3
times as long as its width.
If the perimeter of the field
is , what are the
dimensions of the field?
What is the area of the
field?
2. The length of a rectangle is the
same as the length of each sides
of a square. The length of the
rectangle is more than 3 times
the width of the rectangle. The
area of the square is more than
the area of the rectangle. Find
the length and the width of the
rectangle.
3. The length of a
rectangle is 12 meters
less than three times its
width. Its area is 63
square meters. Find the
dimensions of the
rectangle.
Proof of
recurring
decimals using
algebra
1. Use algebra to write
as a rational number
Trapezoidal
problem finding the
dimensions given
the area and ratio of
other dimensions
In triangle 𝐴𝐵𝐶, let 𝐷 be a point
on the line segment 𝐴𝐵 and 𝐸 a
point on the line segment 𝐴𝐶.
Suppose that 𝐴𝐷/𝐷𝐵 = 3/2 and
that the line segment 𝐷𝐸∥ BC
the line segment 𝐵𝐶. If the area
of △𝐴𝐵𝐶 is 237, what is the area
of the trapezoid 𝐷𝐵𝐶𝐸?
1. The area of a trapezoid
is 100 square millimeters.
Its height is 5 millimeters
and one its bases is 10
millimeters longer than
the other. Find the length
of the two bases.
The area of a trapezium
is . If one of its parallel
sides is 50 and its
height is 50, what is the
length of the other
parallel side?
Rationalizing the
denominator of
an algebraic
fractions
Function
of
Function
An undefined function
The zeros of a function
The inverse of a function
Finding the
Turning points
of a Quadratic
Equations
Finding
Ratio from
Equation
Meaning of Ratio
Ratio is the comparison of two or more
similar quantities. Thus, we compare
pen to pen, pencil to pencil, money to
money etc.
In general the ratio of two numbers and
is written as read as “ is to ”. Ratio can
also be expressed as a fraction. Thus,
= and = .
Worked Examples
1. There are 24 boys and 21 girls in a
class, find the ratio of boys to
girls.
2. Express the ratio to in the form
3. Romeo is 9 years older than
Juliet. If Juliet is 18 years old;
find the ratio of the age of Juliet
to that of Romeo.
Find the ratio of and in
the following equations:
Using
Histogram to
find the mean
Steps:
Step 1: For each bar on our histogram,
multiply the category (number) by the height
of our bar (how many of each number we
have).
Step 2: Add each of the products determined
in Step 1 together to get the total sum of our
data.
Step 3: Divide this sum by the sum of the
heights of the bars to get our mean
Finding the
Least Common
Multiples
(LCM)
g
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