Statistics

An Introduction and Overview

Why study Statistics

1.Data are everywhere

2.Statistical techniques are used to make many decisions
that affect our lives
3.No matter what your career, you will make
professional decisions that involve data. An
understanding of statistical methods will help you make
these decisions effectively
Statistics
 We use statistics for many reasons:

 To mathematically describe our findings

 To draw conclusions from our results
 To test hypotheses
 To test for relationships among variables
What is Statistics?
 The science of collecting, organizing,
presenting, analyzing, and interpreting data
to assist in making more effective decisions
DEFINITIONS
Population

The collection of all outcomes, responses,

measurements, or counts that are of
interest.
Sample

The collection of data from

a subset of the population
 Parameters and Statistics
Parameter
A number that describes some characteristic
of an entire population.
Average age of all people in Indonesia
Statistic
A number that describes some characteristic
from a sample.
Average age of people from a sample of three
provincies
 Branches of Statistics
Descriptive Statistics: Involves organizing,
summarizing, and displaying data.
Describes the important characteristics of the data.
e.g. Tables, charts, averages, percentages

Inferential Statistics: Involves using sample

data to draw conclusions or make inferences about
an entire population.
 Descriptive statistics
Collect data
e.g., Survey

Present data
e.g., Tables and graphs

Summarize data
e.g., Sample mean =
 Inferential statistics
 Estimation
e.g., Estimate the population
mean weight using the sample
mean weight
 Hypothesis testing
e.g., Test the claim that the
population mean weight is 70 kg

Inference is the process of drawing conclusions or making decisions about a

population based on sample results
Experimental Design
1. Problem identification
2. Data collection

a. Internal Data (Primer

Data)
b. External Data (Secondary
Data)
3. Sampling method
 Random sampling
selection so that each
individual member has an
equal chance of being selected

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Systematic sampling
Select some starting point and then
select every k th element in the population
 Convenience sampling
• Data is collected that is readily available and
easy to get.

• Self-selected surveys or voluntary response

surveys (online surveys, magazine)
Stratified sampling
subdivide the population into at
least two different subgroups that share the
same characteristics, then draw a sample from
each subgroup (or stratum)
Cluster sampling
divide the population into sections
(or clusters); randomly select some of those
clusters; choose all members from selected
clusters
4. Data classification and
summarization
5. Data analysis
6. Decision-making
Statistics
 Powerful tools… we must use them for
good.
 Be sure our data is valid and reliable
 Be sure we have the right type of data
 Be sure statistical tests are applied
appropriately
 Be sure the results are interpreted correctly
 Remember… numbers may not lie, but people
can
Tugas
Carilah suatu artikel dari sebuah publikasi
(koran, majalah, artikel ilmiah, dan lain-lain)
yang membahas suatu hasil dari kajian statistik.
Kemudian bahaslah hal-hal berikut:
a.Bagaimana metode samplingnya?

b.Apakah hasil yang diungkapkan sampel

menggambarkan parameter populasinya?
Thank You