FIELD WORK OF

TRIANGULATION SURVEY
PRESENTED BY:

YUGAL PRASAI
RAVI DAHAL
AMRIT RAWAT
SURANJAN ADHIKARI
Field workof traiangulation involves the
following steps:
• Reconnaissance
• Erection of signals
• Measurement of the base line
• Measurement of horizontal angle
• Astronomical observation at laplace stations
• computations
Reconnaissance:
Preliminary field inspection of the entire area to be covered by triangulation is known as
reconnaissance. During reconnaissance, the surveyor goes over the area and decides the
best plan of working, keepng in view the main principle of surveying, i.e., working, from
the whole to the part. The reconnaissance survey, thus requires great experience,
judgement and skill. Thc accuracy and economy of triangulation depends upon the points
reconnaissance survey.
It includes the following operations:
• Proper examination of the terrain.
• Selection of suitable positions for base lines.
• Selection of suitable positions of triangulation stations.
• Determinalion of intervisibility of triangulation stations.
• Sclection of conspicuous well defined natural points to be used as intcrsected points,
the points obscrved from two or threestations.
Reconnaissance may be effectively carried out in the office if accurate topographical maps of
the area are available. General study of the area may also be made With the help of properly
mosaiced vertical
aerial photographs. If neither the maps, nor the photographs of the area are available, necessary
reconnaissance may carricd out on a plane tableon one fourth the scale of the proposed survey.
In skilled hands, the plane table reconnaissance may become a fairly accurate map of the area
which very much facilitates to decide the well conditioned triangles.Accurate bisection of the
intersected points indicates their proper identification by the surveyor. On completion of the
reconnaissance most suitable triangulation schcme is selected.

Selection of triangulation stations:

Triangulation station are selected ,keeping in view the following cosideration.

.Intervisibility of triangulation station.for this purposes station are placed on the highest point
of the elevated places such as hills tops,house tops etc.
.Easy access to the stations with the instruments.
. Stations should be useful for providing interrsected points and and also for details
surveying.
. For plane surveys, excessively distant stations should be avoided.
. Stations should be on commanding Situations so that thess may be used for further
extensi1on of the triangulation svstem.
. Grazing rays (line of sights) should be avoided and no line of
sight should pass over the industrial areas to avoid irregular atmospheric refraction.

Marking of triangulation station:

During reconnaisssance the exact positions of various Uriangulation stations are
permanently
marked on the ground so that the theodolite and signal may be intered accurately over
them.
Following requirements should should be met while making a station.
. It should be marked on perfectly stable foundation, Statation mark on rock in-situ is
generally preferred to if the size of the rock is so large that the theodolite may rest on
the rock itself while should be observations.
circle and dot flushed with the top surface of the plat form is placed vertically above the first.
An old pipe 2.5 cm diameter driven vertically into ground up to a depth of one metre also
serves a good station mark.
. Tho exact location of the station mark should be marked with arrows in the surrounding
rocks.
.the ststion marked with a vertical placed centerally should be covered with a conical heap of
stones placed symmmetrically.This arrangement of marking station is known as placing a
cairn.
.two or three reference marks at some distance on fairly pearmently features should
established to locate the situation mark if the top mark is distributed or removeed.
.surrounding the suitation mark of a platform 3m*3m*0.5m should be built of earth.
Erection of Signals
To define exact position of triangulation on other stations, signals are used from station
during observations Various types of signals are centered vertically over the station mares
and observations are made to these signals. It is very necessary to ensure that signals
whenever used are truly vertical centered over the station marks, The accuracy of
triangulation is entirely dependent on the degree of accuracy of centering the signals.
Greatest care of centering the transist over the ststion mark will be useless unless some
degree of care of centering the signal is impressed upon.

Classification of signals
-luminous signals
-opaque signals

Luminous signals:
luminous signals are further divided into two categories.
-sun signals
-night signals
computation :
. Finallycalculation are made to be observed data.
. coordinate of the vertex are calculated using trigonometric relations
.other necessary calculation are also done.