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•THE NEURON
A. afferent pathways
B. somatic nervous system
C. spinal cord
D. sympathetic nervous system
E. parasympathetic nervous system
SAMPLE EXAM QUESTION
A. axons
B. dendrites
C. soma
D. synaptic cleft
E. synaptic vesicles
NEURAL IMPULSE: THE ACTION POTENTIAL
Excitatory
Terminals
Inhibitory
Terminals
Action
-55
Potential
Membrane Potential (mV)
Threshold
Excitatory = depolarization
Resting
-70
Potential
Inhibitory = hyperpolarization
SUMMATION OF PSPs
PSPs (post synaptic potential)
can add together or cancel one another out
Temporal
Summation:
Adding it up
over a period of
time
Spatial Summation
Adding up signals over
space
SUMMATION
Excitatory
Terminals
Inhibitory
Terminals
SUMMATIO Action Potential
-55
N Threshold
d
Membrane Potential (mV)
EPSPs
Excitatory post synaptic potential
c
b
a
-70
THE NEURAL IMPULSE
After an impulse
passes any
point on the
axon, the
membrane isn’t
excitable & can’t
fire an action
potential.
REFRACTORY
PERIOD
1/1000 second
HOW NEURONS COMMUNICATE
SYNAPTIC TRANSMISSION
Serotonin Dopamine
i) DOPAMINE - prominently in
• Frontal Cortex, Hypothalamus
& Limbic System (learning,
memory, regulating emotion)
• & Basal Ganglia (regulates movement)
• can be excitatory or inhibitory
• Schizophrenia (over supply of dopamine)
• Parkinson’s Disease (under supply) (treated with
artificial dopamine)
NEUROTRANSMITTERS
A) MONOAMINES
i) NOREPINEPHRINE - derived from
epinephrine (adrenaline).
• excitatory or inhibitory throughout brain & spinal cord
• Higher in Cortex, & Limbic System.
• Eating, sleeping, arousal, emotion
• Depression
iii) SEROTONIN
• High in brain stem & thalamus.
• Inhibitory at most sites
• Arousal-related activities & (sleep)
• Emotion control, pleasure and pain
• Depression
NEUROMUSCULAR & INHIBITORY
TRANSMITTERS
B) ACETYLCHOLINE
• Excitatory at brain &
neuromuscular junctions involved
in muscle movement, learning,
& memory
• undersupply related to Alzheimer’s Disease
• Snake bit paralysis (blocks receptor sites of
acetylcholine)
NEUROMUSCULAR & INHIBITORY
TRANSMITTERS
C) GLUTAMATE (Glutamic acid)
• Excitatory transmitter
• Control of behaviors
• Learning and memory
E) ENDORPHINS
• Inhibitory transmitter
• Modulate pain & pleasure.
• Regulate eating & drinking.
• Produced naturally by brain during periods
of stress and anxiety
“Runner’s
high”
• OPIATES
(e.g. heroin) fit into & stimulate body’s
endorphin neurotransmitter sites.
NEURAL CODING OF INFORMATION
How does the brain integrate this information?
1. TYPE OF INFORMATION
• Each neuron has a highly specialized function:
E.g. some neurons in the sensory cortex will only
“fire” if exposed to heat, others to cold, others to
touch, etc.
NEURAL CODING OF INFORMATION
■ The Brain
■ Structure & Function
Reading: Chapter 3