Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Francesco Pasquali
Selex Communications
Agenda
• Conclusions
Why Direct Mode in Trunking?
Legacy trunking offered many benefits over conventional
communications and was a great success in the market
Spectral
Efficiency
Automatic
Operation
BUT ...
It missed a key feature that conventional
Ease of
?
DMO communications offered:
direct communication outside network
Data Feature Rich coverage
Services Service
DMO adds
border or out of
coverage area DMO provides communications
communications within coverage at times of
capacity limitations or whenever
connection with the infrastructure
is not needed
What is TETRA Direct Mode ?
TETRA
DMO
Back-to-back scenario (2/3)
TRUNKED
TETRA … for communications
within coverage at
times of capacity
limitations (e.g. major
incidents)
FAIL!!
TETRA
DMO
Back-to-back scenario (3/3)
… for communications within
coverage if connection to the
infrastructure is not needed
or wanted (localised activities
or private communications)
co
m Dir
m ec
un t
ic
at
io
n
DMO Characteristics
• Normal mode DMO enables 1 communication per carrier (i.e. 1
per 4 timeslots, 2 slots used + 2 free)
• Frequency Efficient Mode DMO enables 2 communications per
carrier (i.e. all 4 slots used, 2 slots used per each call)
• Transmitting radio acts as ‘Master’ on a single DMO channel (i.e.
pair of alternated time slots)
• Receiving radio is ‘Slave’ on a single DMO channel
• Timeslot 1 is used as “traffic channel” for voice and data
transmission by the Master radio
• Timeslot 3 is used for signalling transmission by Master, slave
and idle radios (e.g. for pre-emption and PTT request)
‘Back-to-back’ DMO channel usage
Master uses Timeslot 1 for voice/data TX Slave (& Idle) use Timeslot 3 for pre-emption
TETRA DMO 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4
Air Interface
TDMA frame A B C P
RX
RX
RX TX
DMO TX TX DMO
TX
Master Slave
RX
‘Frequency
Efficient’ mode
can use timeslots
A B C 2 and 4 for Pre-emption P
another call
Speech Slots request
Benefits of “Back-to-back” DMO
• Reliability
– Local area communications always granted under any kind of
fault of the network (disruption, congestion, interference)
• Cost
– Relaxed requirements for coverage in low-traffic areas and
“enclosed” areas (e.g. buildings, tunnels, underground areas, etc.)
– Relaxed requirements for base station channels provisioning
• Special Applications
– Local area operations (e.g. “strip-line”)
– Covert operations
TETRA DMO: Repeater
TETRA
DMO
Repeater
TETR
A
DMO
FAIL!!
Reliability
Cost
Special Applications
TRUNKED
TETRA TETRA
DMO
TETRA
DMO Gateway
DM Gateway Preferred Frequency Usage
TM1 TM2
• Enables DMO terminals to communicate DM1
with the trunking system & vice versa Trunked Mode
Air Interface
BS RX BS TX
(single call)
Gateway Downlink (TM2)
o de
ct M nel
re n
Di Cha M1
D
• One DMO
carrier per call
• Cost:
– More relaxed requirements for coverage in low-traffic areas and
“enclosed” areas (incl. buildings, tunnels, underground areas, etc.)
– Better coverage possibilities during early stages of network roll-out
• Special Applications:
– Enable “occasional and immediate coverage” at cost-effective rates
TETRA DMO: Dual watch
Special radio terminal
equipment can get in touch
with both TMO and DMO
worlds simultaneously
TRUNKED
TETRA TETRA
DMO
TETRA
Dual Watch
Terminal
Dual Watch
• The Radio is operational in one mode (Direct or Trunked) and
simultaneously monitors the other for incoming communications.
• In particular the Radio Unit whilst idle (Idle Dual Watch) or engaged
in a call (Full Dual Watch) in Direct mode
receives TMO call, status and short messages from TMO users
Benefits of Dual Watch
• Cost:
– Enlarge communication support in fringe areas: it allows
further relaxing of coverage requirements
• Special Applications:
– Improve local area communications: terminals avoiding to
waste resources can be contacted whenever needed
Managed Direct Mode - MDMO
• Manages roaming
DMO Services and Facilities
• Late Entry
• Air-interface encryption
– Static Key Encryption
– TEA1, TEA2, TEA3 and TEA4 incl. time stamping
• Implicit authentication
– Provided by Air Interface Encryption
• End-to-end encryption
DMO Benefits & Applications
Thank you
Francesco Pasquali
OTE