MULTIPLEXING

 It is the process of simultaneously transmitting two or more

individual signals over a single communications channel.
 It is the transmission of information from one or more source
to one or more destination over the same transmission
medium.

Ex.telemetry systems
telephone systems
satellite systems

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MULTIPLEXING SYSTEM

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MULTIPLEXING SYSTEM

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 MULTIPLEXER VS.
DEMULTIPLEXER

MULTIPLEXER (MUX)
• It is the circuit that accepts n inputs and only one
output. It is usually seen at the transmitter side.
• It is called as the “data selector” or “combiner”.

DEMULTIPLEXER (DEMUX)
 It is a circuit that accepts one input and has 2 or more
outputs.
 It is usually seen at the receiver side.
 It is called as the “data distributor”or “splitter”.
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MULTIPLXER

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DEMULTIPLXER

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MULTIPLEXING SYSTEM

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TIME DIVISION MULTIPLEXING
(TDM)
 Transmissions from multiple sources occur on the same
facility but not at the same time.
 Transmissions are interleaved in the time domain.

Ex: TV programming

DIGITAL CARRIER SYSTEM

* It is a communication system that uses digital pulse
rather than analog signals to encode information.

Note: T- stands for TRANSMISSION

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TDM SYSTEM

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EXAMPLE OF TDM SYSTEM

BANDPASS SAMPLE PARALLEL TO

AND HOLD ADC SERIAL
FILTER CONVERTER

TDM
MULTIPLEXER

PARALLEL TO
BANDPASS SAMPLE SERIAL
AND HOLD ADC CONVERTER
FILTER

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 AT & T HIEARARCHY FOR TDM
LINE TYPE DIGITAL SIGNAL BIT RATE CHANNEL
CAPACITIES
T1 DS-1 1.544MBps 24
FRACTIONAL T1 DS-1 64kbps to 1.536 24
Mbps
T1C DS-1C 3.152 Mbps 48
T2 DS-2 6.312Mbps 96
T3 DS-3 44.736Mbps 672
FRACTIONAL T3 DS-3 64kbps to 23.152 672
Mbps
T4M DS-4 274.176Mbps 4032
T5 DS-5 560.160 Mbps 8064
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 NORTH AMERICAL STANDARD
( AT & T)
 T-Carrier System:

T- System No. of Voice Channels

T1 24
T2 96
T3 672
T4 4032
T5 8064
 Formula: T5= 2T4= 12T3 =84T2= 336T1

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 EUROPEAN TDM STANDARDS
(CCITT )
 E-Carrier System:
E- System No. of Voice Channels
E1 30
E2 120
E3 480
E4 1920
E5 7680

 Formula: E5= 4E4= 16E3 =64E2= 256E1

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 FREQUENCY DIVISION
MULTIPLEXING (FDM)
 It is a multiplexing technique wherein the multiple signals
are transmitted simultaneously but the entire bandwidth is
divided into several frequency channels .
 Each frequency channel is called as subdivision.
 Each carrier is of different frequency.
 It used to deal with analog information.

Ex.TV channels

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FDM SYSTEM

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FDM SYSTEM

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 FDM Hierarchy
 AT& T Standard (NORTH AMERICA)
- HIERARCHY NO. OF VOICE
CHANNELS
GROUP 12

SUPERGROUP 60

MASTERGROUP 600

JUMBOGROUP 3600

SUPERJUMBOGROUP 10800
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 FDM Hierarchy

 CCITT Standard (EUROPEAN)

HIERARCHY NO. OF VOICE

CHANNELS
GROUP 12
SUPERGROUP 60
MASTERGROUP 300
SUPERMASTERGROUP 600

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 MULTIPLE ACCESS

 FREQUENCY DIVISION MULTIPLE ACCESS (FDMA)

- A method of multiple earth stations accessing technique where a given
RF bandwidth is divided into smaller frequency bands called subdivisions.

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 MULTIPLE ACCESS

TYPES OF FDMA:
1. Fixed Assignment Multiple Access
- the assignment of capacity is distributed in a
fixed manner among multiple stations.
2. Demand Assignment Multiple Access
- capacity assignment is changed as needed to
respond optimally to demand changes among multiple stations

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 MULTIPLE ACCESS

 TIME DIVISION MULTIPLE ACCESS (TDMA)

- Each earth station is allotted a fixed time slot (epoch) within a TDMA
time frame, occupying essentially the entire wideband frequency
spectrum for the allocated time.

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 MULTIPLE ACCESS

CODE DIVISION MULTIPLE ACCESS (CDMA)

- it is referred to as the spread spectrum multiple access.
- each station’s transmission is encoded with a unique
word called CHIPs.

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 MULTIPLE ACCESS
TYPES OF SPREAD SPECTRUM TECHNIQUES

1. DIRECT SEQUENCE – a pseudorandom code is

generated in the transmitted as chips and is added to the
information signal.
2. FREQUENCY HOPPING- a sequence of code is assigned
to different carrier frequencies
Note: The purpose of spread spectrum.
techniques is to secure the communication link

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THE END

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