Pengantar Organisasi Internasional

Lia Nihlah Najwah, SIP, M.Si

 Definisi organisasi Internasional

Ruang lingkup studi

Perbedaan organisasi internasional, rezim, institusi

Klasifikasi dan keanggitaan

www.themegallery.com
Sistem internasional yang anarki
diartikan sebagai…..

There is no common government to enforce

rules, and by the standards of domestic
society; international institutions are weak
****
(Tidak ada pemerintahan bersama yang
dapat memaksakan aturan seperti halnya
pada masyarakat domestik-institusi
internasional adalah lembaga yang lemah)
 Lalu bagaimana cara
mengatur kepentingan
negara yang bervariasi
agar tidak terjadi
konflik?
 Global Civil Institusi , Rezim
Intl Law Intl organisation
society dan norma

Unsur-unsur global
governance
 interntional governmental organization (IGO)
International organizations that nation-states
join for specific purposes, such as promoting peace,
enhancing trade, and encouraging cooperation.

Are bureaucracies that often result from

government working together to solve their
problems (Schetchter;2010kl)

non-governmental organizations
Apa yang anda (NGOs) A legally constructed
ketahui tentang organization made up of individuals.
organisasi These have a limited, if any, role for
internasional? nation-states.
 Polaritas aktor internasional di era globalisasi

200 otoritas 191 negara anggota PBB

64000 TNC’S;
microsoft, nestle, yang 6600 INGO;
memiliki lebih dari Amnesty
866.000 afiliasi di luar internasional,
negeri Green peace,
FSD

240 intergovernmental
organizations (IGO’s):
www.themegallery.com UN, NATO,EU
 formasi sistem internasional dan domestik

Table 1: The extended welfare mix Domestic Supranational

Domestic Supranational
STATE Domestic governance International organizations,
national donors

MARKET Domestic markets Global Markets, MNCs

(multi-national
corporations)

COMMUNITY HOUSEHOLD Civil Society, NGOs International NGOs

Household International household
The full range of international
interactions

IGO’s

government Government

NGO TNC’s TNC’s NGO

Pure INGO’s or
Hybrid INGO’s
  Formal institutional organizations
 Not only interstate arrangements but, increasingly,

arrangements among non-governmental and

transnational actors.
 International organizations are a physical entity with

a bureaucratic structure that embodies a set of rules

Definisi OI
 Skenario 1

NGO

NGO State B State B IO’S

NGO

Multilateral
society Inter-state
cooperation

Skema pembentukan OAI

NGO&TNC’S IO

Transnational
network

SKENARIO KE 2
 KLASIFIKASI DAN FUNGSI
ORGANISASI INTERNASIONAL
LIA NIHLAH NAJWAH, MSI.
 Interstate= inter-state
Intergovernmental=Inter- Interaksi yang
governmental melibatkan dua negara
atau lebih

Perjanjian kontrol senjata antara negara A dan negara B, tapi

perluasan investasi kelapa sawit antara penguasa malaysia dan
Indonesia tidak termasuk interstate

Ini Kini interkasi beragam ada

pandanga transnasional aktor yang
melakukan “transnasional
n state
relations”
sentris
 Diagram fungsi-fungsi organisasi internasional
Institutions; norms,
principle, customs

Regimes; law
and politics Administrations;
legalizations,
Decision making
procedures

Cooperation ; rational
theory
Klasifikasi OI

IO’s
IGO’s
Hybrid
(300 INGO’S
organisasi:2008)
`
INGO’S
 konsep-konsep inti
International organization:
Any institutions with formal
procedures and formal
membership from three or more
countries
International non governmental
organizations:
an international organization in
which membership is open to
transnational actors: national and
local NGO’s, individual, political
parties
Intergovernmental organization:
an international organization in
which full legal membership is
officially solely open to states and
the decision making authority lies
with representatives from
governments.
Hybrid INGO:
the international organizations, in
which governments and NGO,s
form join organizations in which
they are allowed to be members
 Terlembaga/formal:
Beranggotakan pegawai, perubahan Sekretariat
minimal 3 negara kepengurusan permanen

Pembiayaan dari anggota dan Kepengurusan tidak Berdasarkan

tidak mendatangkan profit pada hanya pada satu negara perjanjian
salah satu anggota anggota internasional

Independen
Kriteria
IGO’s
 Types of international organizations
IGOs are formal institutions comprised primarily of sovereign states (referred
to as member states), or of other intergovernmental organization (e.g. UN,
EU, NATO, IMF, G8, etc).

• They can be multi or general-purpose organizations,

taking up any international issue, such as UN.
• They can also have narrow mandate focusing on a
specific economic, political, social or military issue,
examples: ILO, WHO.
• Spillover - cooperation in one issue area may affect
another issue area
• Membership can be open to all actors, or limited by
some objective criteria (e.g. EU, NATO
conditionality)
first, those of the most limited kind with two members
drawn
from a geographically contiguous area which has many
other factors –
economic, social and political – in common.
Expl: The Benelux Customs Union with the three
members of Belgium, the Netherlands and Luxembourg
fulfill the criteria of having relatively similar socio-
political and economic backgrounds and are certainly
geographically contiguous.

At the other extreme are the universal organizations which have

membership drawn from practically all the sovereign states in the
world: the United Nations and many of its specialized agencies fall
into this category
Organisasi internasio khusus dan hybrid io’s

sedangkan Hybrid IO’s adalah

Organisasi internasional khusus
organisasi yang tidak dapat
adalah organisasi internasional yang
dikategorikan dengan pasti apakah
menangani isu-isu khusus dan
organisasi tersebut bagian dari civil
biasanya berkaitan dengan standar
society atau organisasi pemerintah,
tehnis, oleh karenanya strukturnya
hal ini terjadi karena kemitraan
juga sederhana
antara keduanya
 Organisasi fungsional

The organizations that deal with this type of technical

and functional cooperation tend to get much less press
than the more political IOs.

Meski demikian keberadaannya sangat

mempengaruhi ragam aktifitas global

Misalnya:the Universal Postal Union (UPU), the

International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO), and
the World Health Organization (WHO).
 Fungsinya

Menciptakan standar
internasional pada suatu
isu

Membantu negara dalam Lebih bermakna

pengimplementasian fungsionalis ketimbang
standar politis
 the Universal Postal Union (UPU)

The original system was in fact

UPU: It is specifically designed
quite simple: the member
to increase transparency and
countries agreed that for all
reduce transaction costs in
letters sent internationally, the
international postal delivery,
postal service of the sending
goals shared by all of its
country would receive all of the
members, and generally does
stamp revenue, and that of the
not address politically
country to which the letter was
contentious issues.
sent would receive none.
ICAO(international civil airliners organisations )

The primary output of these

Secondarily, the ICAO also
bureaus, and of the ICAO in
provides direct technical
general, is a set of agreed-upon
advisors to help poorer and
rules and technical standards
smaller countries to implement
for civil airliners flying
these rules and standards.
internationally.
 WHO
 The WHO was created in 1948 as
the UN specialized agency for
health.
 the WHO was created explicitly as
a UN agency from the outset. Its
official mandate
 is to work toward the “attainment
by all peoples of the highest
possible level of health.”
The WHO undertakes a wide range of
activities, ranging from long-term
health planning and coordination, to
functional assistance in the provision of
health services in developing countries,
to the coordination of international
responses to specific international
health crisis, such as the SARS (Severe
Acute Respiratory Syndrome) epidemic
in 2003.
 Beberapa kategori organisasi

United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR) subcontract many of their operational
duties to NGOs, working with as many as 500 specific ones.

Many IOs sponsor forums for NGOs, or have institutionalized mechanisms through which NGOs, as
representatives of global civil society, can be heard directly rather than through state representatives.

Other IOs, such as the International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO) or the International
Maritime Organization (IMO), work closely with industry groups to gather information about their
issue-areas and to set standards.

there are some hybrid IOs that involve both states and nongovernmental actors as primary
participants. One of the classic works of functionalist theory, Ernst Haas’ Beyond the Nation-State,
looks at one such organization, the International Labour Organization (ILO).
 Contoh Hibrid NGO
Other organizations remain NGOs, but have been directly co-
opted into playing a formal role in international politics and
in the IO system.
• the International Criminal Police Organization (ICPO, or
Interpol),
• the International Organization for Standardization (ISO),
• the International Telecommunications Satellite
Organization (ITSO, formerly INTELSAT),
• the World Conservation Union (IUCN),
• the International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC), and
the International Olympic Committee (IOC).
 Types of international organizations

International NGOs – essentially nonprofit, private organizations

that engage in a variety of international activities (e.g. Amnesty
International, Greenpeace, International Committee for Red Cross,
World vision International, etc.)

Types of NGOs (alternative names): independent sector, volunteer

sector, civil society, grassroots organizations, transnational social
movement organizations, private voluntary organizations, self-help
organizations and non-state actors

Financing – mostly membership dues, charitable contributions and

private sourcing.
 Types of international organizations

Information gathering with

NGOs roles in the world people on the ground,
Consult and expertise.
politics: interaction with other
NGOs, IGOs and MNCs.

Private interactions
Participate in international
involving with various
Carrying out policies of politics by defining goals,
transactions to bring
states and IGOs. providing information, and
together groups and
giving expert advice
individuals.

NGOs are instrumental in

Pressure governments and
setting international norms
IGOs through direct and
and executing
indirect lobbying
international policy
 Types of international organizations

MNCs – for-profit firms that have subsidiaries in two or more countries and engage
in transnational production activities involving movement of goods and services
across national boundaries (e.g. Wal-Mart, McDonalds, General Motors, Boeing,
Adidas, etc).

Some large multilateral corporations, given their large economic influence as well
as their extensive financial resources, can have a powerful influence in local
economies as well as the world economy and play an important role in international
relations and globalization.

In addition to efforts by multinational corporations to affect governments, there is

much government action intended to affect corporate behavior. The threat of
nationalization (forcing a company to sell its local assets to the government or to
other local nationals) or changes in local business laws and regulations can limit a
multinational's power.
 Types of international organizations
International Regimes – informal principles, rules, norms,
and decision-making procedures that are codified in charters,
treaties and international law (e.g. International Protocols,
Conventions, systems, etc).

Often form in response to a
need to coordinate behavior
International actors, when among countries around
formally organized, many of issues, such as security,
them can be considered trade, finance, investment,
intergovernmental organizations. information,
communication, human
rights, environment, etc.
A regime serves
simultaneously as a forum, a
multilateral treaty, and a
governing body to standardize
telecommunications across
countries efficiently.
Biological Weapons
Convention, and Kyoto
Protocol are other examples of
international regimes.
 Keangotaan
universal

Aspirasi
Aspirasi regional
universal

esklusif
 Tugas

extensive

General specific

intensive
 Pertanyaan kuis

 Apakah organisasi internasional yang berkembang pesat di era

globalisasi mereduksi kedaulatan negara sebagai aktor sentral dalam
politik internasional?
 sebutkan dan jelaskan minimal dua fungsi organisasi internasional
dalam hubungan antar negara?
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