Tailieuxanh Week 13 Apposition Coordination Ellipsis 2374

E_English Grammar Course
Chapter VIII
Coordination, Ellipsis, & Apposition
Issues
1. Coordination
+ Phrasal
+ Clausal
2. Ellipsis
+ Ellipsis in coordinated clauses
3. Apposition
+ Non-restrictive
+ Restrictive
1/1
1.1 Coordination
Coordination = the combination of two or more equal units,
namely, phrases or clauses
E.g.: My friend and I went there together.

We went there and returned immediately.
I told him this, but he didn't believe me.
See more in 9.7 - 9.8

2/1
1.1 Coordination
Coordination = can be referred to by some grammarians as syndetic
(with the presence of coordinators) and asyndetic
(with the absence of coordinators)
E.g.: Slowly and stealthily, he crept towards his victim. (syndetic)

Slowly, stealthily, he crept towards his victim. (asyndetic)
3/1
1.1 Coordination
Coordination
Phrasal = coordination of phrase of equal status
Clausal = coordination of clause of equal status

4/1
1.2 Phrasal Coordination

Coordination See more in 9.31 - 9.43
Phrasal • including:
+ coordinated NPs (in different syntactic functions)
Clausal E.g.: Peter and Tom were here.

She is afraid of snakes and cockroaches.
Old and young men were invited.
He has secretaries from Ireland and auditors from
France here.
These and those chairs are wooden.
5/1

Coordination
• including:
Phrasal + coordinated Adverbial phrases (with dependent
clauses)
Clausal E.g.: You can wash it manually or by using a machine.
They can call this week or whenever they wish.
I want to know by whom and for whom it was
ordered.
6/1

Coordination
+ coordinated Adjective phrases
Clausal E.g.: She is young and beautiful.
His clear and forceful delivery impressed the
audience.
These jewels were very cheap and gaudy.
7/1

Coordination
+ coordinated Prepositional phrases
Clausal E.g.: The attacks in June and in July failed
He climbed up the wall and over the wall.
John complained to Mary and to Peter.
8/1

Coordination
+ coordination of identical items
Clausal E.g.: He felt more and more bored.
They talked on and on and on.
There are teachers and teachers.
9/1

Coordination
• Order in phrasal coordination:
+ a tendency for the shorter word to come first
Phrasal
E.g.: big and ugly
cup and saucer
Clausal
+ in virtually irreversible order
E.g.: bread and butter
law and order
knife, folk, and spoon
by hook or by crook
10/1

Coordination • can be segregatory (possibly paraphrased into 2 or
more coordinated clauses)
Phrasal E.g.: John and Mary have a cold
(John has a cold and Mary has a cold.)
Clausal • can be combinatory (impossibly paraphrased into
coordinated clauses)
E.g.: John and Mary make a good couple
(no analogous paraphrase)
He painted his car black and white.
(a combined process)
11/1
1.3 Clausal Coordination

Coordination
• including:
+ coordinated independent clauses
Phrasal
E.g.: She didn't want their help, but she had to accept it.
+ coordinated subordinate clauses
Clausal
E.g.: I want to know for whom it was ordered and by
whom (it was ordered)
She desired to know where he had gone but not
why he had gone.
12/1

Syntactic features of Coordinators
Clause coordinators: restricted to clause-initial position
Coordinated clauses: sequentially fixed
Coordinators: preceded by a conjunction
Coordinators: link clause constituents
Coordinators: link subordinate clauses
Coordinators: link more than two clauses

13/1

E.g.: John plays the guitar,

Coordinated and his
clauses: sister playsfixed
sequentially the piano.

14/1

E.g.: TheyCoordinators: precededorby

are living in England, a conjunction
they are spending a vacation there.

15/1

Coordinators: precede conjunctions
Coordinators:
E.g.: He was link
unhappy about it,clause
and yetconstituents
he did as he was told.

16/1

Coordinators:
E.g.: They link
love him and subordinate
believe in him.clauses
I may see you tomorrow or may phone later in the day.
17/1

Coordinators:
E.g.: I wonder preceded
whether you shouldbyspeak
a conjunction
to him personally or whether
it is better to write to him.

18/1


E.g.: The battery may be disconnected, or the connection may be
loose, or the bulb may
Coordinators: be faulty. clauses
link subordinate

19/1

Coordinators
AND
OR
BUT
20/1

Semantic implications of “AND”
Addition of consequence or result
Addition of chronological sequence
Contrast
2nd clause being a comment on the 1st
1st clause being a condition of the 2nd
2nd clause making a point similar to the 1st
2nd clause being a “pure” addition to the 1st
2nd clause being felt surprising in view of the 1st

21/1


E.g.: He heard an explosion and he (therefore) phoned the police.
Contrast

22/1

Contrast
E.g.: I washed the dishes and (then) I dried them.

23/1

Contrast

E.g.: Robert is secretive and (in contrast) David is candid.

24/1

Contrast

E.g.: They disliked John - and that's not surprising.

25/1

Contrast

E.g.: Give me some money and (then) I'll help escape.

26/1

Contrast
E.g.: A trade agreement
2nd clause beingshould be no on
a comment problem,
the 1stand
(similarly) a cultural exchange could be arranged.

27/1

Contrast

E.g.: He has long hair and (also) he often wears jeans.

28/1

Contrast

E.g.: She tried hard and (yet) she failed.

29/1

Semantic implications of “OR”
Exclusive choice
Inclusive choice If one of the individual

conjoins is true, then the
Restatement or correction of whole sentence is true.
previously - mentioned idea
Negative condition
30/1

Exclusive choice
E.g.: You can gochoice

Inclusive there by car or you can walk there.
Restatement or correction of
Negative condition
31/1

Exclusive choice
Inclusive choice
E.g.: Youor
Restatement can boil an egg,
correction of or you can make some
cheese
previously sandwiches,
- mentioned idea or you can do both.
Negative condition
32/1

Exclusive choice
E.g.: He began choice

Inclusive his educational career, or, in other
words, he started to attend the local kindergarten.
Restatement or correction of
Negative condition
33/1

Exclusive choice
Inclusive choice
Restatement or some
E.g.: Give me correction
moneyofor I'll shoot.
Negative condition
34/1

Semantic implications of “BUT”
Unexpected contrast
Contrast being restatement

(negative > < affirmative)
35/1

Unexpected contrast
Contrast being
E.g.: Johnrestatement
is poor, but he's happy.
He didn't want their help, but he had to accept it.
36/1

Unexpected contrast
Contrast being restatement

E.g.: John didn't waste his time in the week before the
exam, but studied hard every evening.
37/1

Correlatives
both…and
either…or
neither…nor
others
38/1

Correlatives
both…and
• with anticipated addition

either…or
E.g.: He both has long hair and wears jeans.
neither…nor
others
39/1

Correlatives
both…and
either…or
• with anticipated alternation

neither…nor
E.g.: He either has long hair or wears jeans.
others
40/1

Correlatives
both…and
• with anticipated additional negation

either…or
E.g.: He neither has long hair nor wears jeans.
neither…nor
others
41/1

Correlatives
both…and
• “nor/neither” - correlated with actual or
either…or implied negative in the previous clause

E.g.: He did not want to ask them for help;
(but) nor could he do without their help.
neither…nor
• “not only ... but (also)”
E.g.: They not only broke into his office and
others
stole his book, but they (also) tore up his
manuscripts.
42/1

Quasi-coordinators
See more in 9.44
as well as E.g.: He publishes as well as prints his books.
She was pitied rather than disliked.
as much as
• these coordinators can have a prepositional
or subordinating role
E.g.: As well as printing his books, he
rather than publishes them.
Rather than cause trouble, I’m going to
forget the whole affair.
more than
John, as much as (= with) his brother,
was responsible for the loss.
43/1

Non-restrictive relative clauses
• semantically considered as equivalent to coordinate clauses

E.g.: John didn’t go to the show, which is a pity.
= John didn’t go to the show, and that is a pity.
1/2
2.1 Ellipsis
Ellipsis • described as “grammatical omission” of elements
which are precisely recoverable from the
linguistic or situational context
E.g.: Have you spoken to him?

(I have) Not yet (spoken to him).

2/2
2.1 Ellipsis
Ellipsis • normally occurs in coordinated clauses, comparative
clauses, question-answer sentences, and other context
where adjacent clauses are related in form & meaning
E.g.: I thought they were on the seat, but they’re not (on the seat).
She looks older than her mother (does).
When’s he coming back? – (He’s coming back) Next Friday.
3/2
2.1 Ellipsis
Ellipsis
• occurs in 3 positions: initial, medial, and final
E.g.: He squeezed her hand out but (he) met with no excuse.
He and his mate both jumped out, he (jumped out) to go to the women, his
mate (jumped out) to stop other traffic on the bridge.
Perhaps, as the review gathers steam, this can now change. It needs to (change).
4/2
2.2 Ellipsis in coordinated clauses

Ellipsis in coordinated clauses See more in 9.21 - 9.30
Ellipsis of subject
Ellipsis of auxiliary only
Ellipsis of predicate/predication
Ellipsis of Od/Cs only
Ellipsis of A
Ellipsis of Head-noun/Cprep
5/2

Ellipsis in coordinated clauses
Ellipsis of subject
• identical subjects of coordinated clauses only

Ellipsis of auxiliary are ellipted
E.g.: Peter ate a cheese sandwich
Ellipsis and (Peter/he) drank a glass of beer.
of predicate/predication
• sometimes, ellipsis of both S and auxiliary occurs
E.g.: Mary has washed the dishes, (she has) dried them, and (she has)
Ellipsis of A
put them in the cupboard.
6/2

Ellipsis of subject
E.g.: John should clean the shed and Peter (should) move the lawn.
John must have been playing football and Mary (must have been)
Ellipsis of A
doing her homework.
7/2

Ellipsis of subject
Ellipsis
Ellipsis of Od/Cs onlyof V or lexical verb only
EllipsisEllipsis
of A of V + Cs (and possibly of S)
Ellipsis of lexical V + Od
Ellipsis of required form of lexical V/predication
8/2

Ellipsis of subject
Ellipsis
EllipsisEllipsis
E.g.: Yesterday John was given a railway set, and Sue (was given) a doll.
I work in a factory and
Ellipsis of my Ellipsisonofalexical
wife (works)
Head-noun/Cprep farm. V + Od
Nam will work today Ellipsis
and (he)ofmay (work)form
required the day after tomorrow.
of lexical V/predication
9/2

Ellipsis of subject
Ellipsis
EllipsisEllipsis
E.g.: John was the winner in 1971

Ellipsis and BobEllipsis
(was the
of Head-noun/Cprep of winner)
lexical V10
+ Od
years later.
The milk turned sour notEllipsis
only today but (the form
of required milk turned sour)
of lexical yesterday too.
V/predication
10/2

Ellipsis of subject
E.g:.
Ellipsis Ellipsis of V or lexical verb only

E.g.: Peter plays football for his schoolofand
Od/Cs
Paulonly
(plays football) for his club.
Ellipsis
Joan will cook the meals todayEllipsis of A of
and Barbara V+
may Cs (and
(cook possibly
the meals) of S)
tomorrow.
Ellipsis of lexical V + Od
11/2
Ellipsis of subject
Ellipsis of Ellipsis
Od/Cs onlyof V or lexical verb only
E.g.: We met last year, but we haven't (met) since.
They can (pay the full fee) and Ellipsis
(they)
Ellipsis A ofpay
should
of V +the
Csfull
(and possibly
fee, of S)won't
but (they)
(pay the full fee). Ellipsis of lexical V + Od
12/2

Ellipsis of subject
E.g.: George openedEllipsis of auxiliary

(the door), but Mary only
closed, the door.
Bob seemed angry,ofand
Ellipsis George certainly was (angry).
predicate/predication
Ellipsis of A
13/2

Ellipsis of subject
E.g.: To my surprise, they didn't appoint him, and they (to my surprise)
didn't even interview him.
Theoretically, I Ellipsis
have no of predicate/predication
objections to his proposal and (theoretically)
neither have any of my colleagues.
Ellipsis of A
14/2

Ellipsis of subject

E.g.: We wanted fried fish, but they gave us boiled (fish).
Ellipsis
She wore the black of predicate/predication
dress, but the blue (dress) suits her better.
Bob is bored with (music), but Peter enjoys music.
Ellipsis of A
15/2

Semantically, the effect of
Ellipsis in coordinated clauses ellipsis is to indicate that
there is a combined process
Ellipsis of subject rather than two separate
processes
E.g.: Did Peter tell lies, and
Ellipsis of predicate/predication did he hurt his friends?
(Peter's telling lies and his
hurting his friends are
Ellipsis of A regarded as two separate
Ellipsis of Head-noun/Cprep processes, hence two
separate questions.)
Homework
 Exercises 148 - 157 Workbook
1/3
3 Apposition
Apposition • resembles co-ordination in linking units
having grammatical affinity (referring to the
same entity)
E.g.: A neighbor, Freed Smith, is on the telephone.

Mr. Campbell, the lawyer, was here last night.
See more in 9.45 - 9.58

2/3
3 Apposition
Realization of Apposition
NPs
Non-finite clause
Finite clause
E.g.: His novel Great Expectations is truly thrilling (NPs)

The soldiers, some of them being natives, are friendly (Non-finite cls)
His hope, to become a doctor, was realised at last (Non-finite cls)
This supports his argument that things are getting worse than before. (Finite cls)
He didn't answer my question, why he hadn't come to the meeting. (Finite cls).
His account of what he had done that year didn’t satisfy his colleague. (Finite cls)
3/3
3 Apposition
Indicators of Apposition
= that is to say, that is, i.e, namely, viz., in other words, or, or
rather, and, as follows, for example, for instance, e.g., say,
including, such, as, particularly, chiefly, mainly, mostly, etc.
E.g.: The passenger plane of the 1980s, namely the supersonic jet, have somewhat
transformed relations between people of the world.
The President of the USA, in other words Bill Clinton, was on television last night.
I didn't meet any people, including my sister.
4/3
3 Apposition
Apposition
Non-restrictive
Apposition
Restrictive
Apposition
5/3
3 Apposition
Apposition
• providing the additionally descriptive information
Non-restrictive for the entity with no function of identifying the entity

Apposition
• different information unit
• in speech: separate tone
Restrictive • in writing: commas/weighty punctuation like “( )”
Apposition
E.g.: The passenger plane of the 1980s, namely the supersonic jet, have somewhat
transformed relations between people of the world.
The President of the USA, in other words Bill Clinton, was on television last night.
6/3
3 Apposition
Apposition Equivalence
Non-restrictive
Attribution
Apposition
Inclusion
Restrictive
Apposition
7/3
3 Apposition
Appellation
Non-restrictive
Attribution
Apposition Designation
Identification
Inclusion
Restrictive
Reformulation
Apposition
8/3
3 Apposition
Appellation
Non-restrictive
Attribution
Apposition • Indicators: that is, namely, in other words,
Designation
who/which + BE , etc.
Intensification
E.g.: The company commander, (who was)
Inclusion
Restrictive Captain Madison, assembled his men and
Reformulation
announced their mission.
Apposition
He told them the good news: taxes are to be
reduced.
9/3
3 Apposition
Appellation
Non-restrictive
Attribution
Intensification
• 2nd appositive being less specific than the 1st
Inclusion
Restrictive
E.g.: Captain Madison, (that is to say) the
Reformulation
Apposition
company commander, took the lead.
10/3
3 Apposition
Appellation
Non-restrictive
Attribution
Identification
Inclusion
Restrictive
Reformulation
• 2nd appositive being more specific than the 1st
Apposition
E.g.: A literary critic, Mr. Paul Jones, wrote this
article.
11/3
3 Apposition
Appellation
Non-restrictive
Attribution
Intensification
Inclusion
Restrictive
Reformulation
Apposition
• 2nd appositive being reworded
E.g.: He drew a pentagonal, or five-sided, figure.
We are studying sound units of the
language, technically phonemes.
12/3
3 Apposition
Non-restrictive
Attribution
Apposition
• Indicators: who/which + BE
Inclusion
• Involving predication rather than equivalence
Restrictive nd
• The 2 appositive: commonly an indefinite NP
Apposition
E.g.: The house, an imposing building, dominated the street.
• But the NP here can be definite or non-articled
E.g.: Many soldiers, the cream of the battalion, died in the attack.
Robinson, leader of the Democratic group on the committee,
refused to answer questions.
13/3
3 Apposition
Non-restrictive
Attribution
Apposition
Inclusion
Restrictive
Apposition Exemplification
Particularization
14/3
3 Apposition
Non-restrictive
Attribution
Apposition
Inclusion
Restrictive
• Indicators: for example, for instance, say, etc.

Particularization
E.g.: His excuses, say the break down of his car,
never seemed plausible.
15/3
3 Apposition
Non-restrictive
Attribution
Apposition
Inclusion
Restrictive
Particularization
• Indicators: particularly, especially, etc.
E.g.: The children liked the animals, particularly the monkeys.
The soldiers, some drunk, started fighting each other.
16/3
3 Apposition
Apposition
Non-restrictive
Apposition
• providing the information to identify the entity

Restrictive
Apposition • same information unit
E.g.: Which Mr. Smith do you mean?

Mr. Smith the architect or Mr. Smith the electrician?
17/3
3 Apposition
Apposition
• Strict restrictive apposition of NPs can take three
Non-restrictive forms (the 1st form: the most common)

Apposition
1. The 1st apposition is the more general expression
preceded by a definite determiner (and possibly

Restrictive
Apposition pre-modifier)
E.g.: That famous critic Paul Jones came here last night.
I haven't seen my good friend Bob for a forthright.

18/3
3 Apposition
Apposition
2. The second appositive is preceded by a determiner
Non-restrictive
and is more general than the first.
Apposition
E.g.: Paul Jones the critic didn't attend the last seminar.
Restrictive Bill Clinton the president of the U.S.A ended his

Apposition
working visit to Japan.
19/3
3 Apposition
Apposition
3. This type is like (1) but with omission of the
Non-restrictive
determiner.
Apposition
E.g.: Critic Paul Jones was completely against the plan.
Restrictive They talked with Democratic leader Robison for

Apposition
half an hour.
20/3
3 Apposition
Apposition
Non-restrictive • Besides, restrictive apposition is common with such NPs

Apposition
as the fact, the idea, the view, the question, etc.
E.g.: I don't agree with the view that there is no

Restrictive
Apposition advantage in being patient.
The questions whether to confess or not troubled him.

Homework
 Exercises 158 - 171 Workbook

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E_English Grammar Course

E.g.: My friend and I went there together.

See more in 9.7 - 9.8

E.g.: Slowly and stealthily, he crept towards his victim. (syndetic)

Phrasal = coordination of phrase of equal status

Clausal = coordination of clause of equal status

1.2 Phrasal Coordination

Clausal E.g.: Peter and Tom were here.

1.2 Phrasal Coordination

1.2 Phrasal Coordination

1.2 Phrasal Coordination

1.2 Phrasal Coordination

1.2 Phrasal Coordination

1.2 Phrasal Coordination

1.3 Clausal Coordination

1.3 Clausal Coordination

Clause coordinators: restricted to clause-initial position

Coordinated clauses: sequentially fixed

Coordinators: preceded by a conjunction

Coordinators: link clause constituents

Coordinators: link subordinate clauses

Coordinators: link more than two clauses

1.3 Clausal Coordination

Clause coordinators: restricted to clause-initial position

E.g.: John plays the guitar,

Coordinators: preceded by a conjunction

Coordinators: link clause constituents

Coordinators: link subordinate clauses

Coordinators: link more than two clauses

1.3 Clausal Coordination

Clause coordinators: restricted to clause-initial position

Coordinated clauses: sequentially fixed

E.g.: TheyCoordinators: precededorby

Coordinators: link clause constituents

Coordinators: link subordinate clauses

Coordinators: link more than two clauses

1.3 Clausal Coordination

Clause coordinators: restricted to clause-initial position

Coordinated clauses: sequentially fixed

Coordinators: precede conjunctions

Coordinators: link subordinate clauses

Coordinators: link more than two clauses

1.3 Clausal Coordination

Clause coordinators: restricted to clause-initial position

Coordinated clauses: sequentially fixed

Coordinators: preceded by a conjunction

Coordinators: link clause constituents

1.3 Clausal Coordination

Clause coordinators: restricted to clause-initial position

Coordinated clauses: sequentially fixed

Coordinators: link subordinate clauses

Coordinators: link more than two clauses

1.3 Clausal Coordination

Clause coordinators: restricted to clause-initial position

Coordinated clauses: sequentially fixed

Coordinators: preceded by a conjunction

Coordinators: link clause constituents

Coordinators: link more than two clauses

1.3 Clausal Coordination

1.3 Clausal Coordination

Addition of consequence or result

Addition of chronological sequence

2nd clause being a comment on the 1st

1st clause being a condition of the 2nd