05

Precedence &
associativity
in
Python
 Precedence Operator
wHat is Precedence
Operator?
()
• Operator precedence is used to determine the
order of operators evaluated in an expression.
**
• Every operator has precedence (priority).
*
/
 Precedence Operator
wHat is Precedence
Operator?
() • If more than one operator is used in an expression,
the higher precedence operator is evaluated first
and the operator with the least precedence is
** evaluated last.
Example
* A=1
B=2
/ C=3
Answer = a + b *c (We assume that (1+2)*3) = 9)
Output = a+ b * c (But Computer evaluates in the
order 1 + (2 *3) = 7)
 PEMDAS
() wHat is
() PEMDAS?
**
**
/ The acronym PEMDAS (Parentheses, Exponentiation,
Multiplication, Division, Addition, Subtraction) is a
*
* useful way to remember the rules.
/ ● Parentheses have the highest precedence and can
be used to force an expression to evaluate in the
+ order you want.
● Since expressions in parentheses are evaluated
- first, 2 * (3-1) is 4
and (1+1)**(5-2) is 8.
 PEMDAS

() wHat is PEMDAS?

**
● Exponentiation has the next highest precedence,
* so 1 + 2**3 is 9, not 27
/ And 2 *3**2 is 18, not 36.
● Multiplication and Division have higher
+ precedence than Addition and Subtraction. So
2*3-1 is 5, it's not 4
- And 6+4/2 is 8, it's not 5.
 PEMDAS

Higher Precedence wHat is PEMDAS?

Lower Precedence

1 + 2 ** 3

Exponentiation
will happen first

1 + 8
Now addition will
happen
9
 Operator precedence
Precedence Operator Operator Meaning
1 () Parenthesis Or Function Call
2 ** Exponentiation
+x Unary Plus
3 -x Unary Minus
~x Bitwise Negation
* Multiplication
/ Division
4
// Floor Division
% Modulus
+ Addition
5
- Subtraction
<< Left Shift
6
>> RIght Shift
 Operator precedence
Precedence Operator Operator Meaning
7 & Bitwise AND

8 ^ Bitwise XOR

9 | Bitwise OR

== Equal to
!= Not Equal to
< Less Than
<= Less Than or Equal to
10 > Greater Than
>= Greater Than Equal to
is Identity Operator
is not Identity Operator
 Operator precedence
Precedence Operator Operator Meaning
11 not Boolean NOT
12 and Boolean AND
13 Boolean OR
or
LMS Activity
Order of Evaluation/ Associativity
wHat is Operator
Associativity?

When an expression contains multiple operators with

equal precedence, we use associativity to determine the
order of evaluation of those operators.
It can either be Left to Right or from Right to Left.

Note
Almost all operators except the exponent (**)
support the left-to-right associativity.
Order of Evaluation/ Associativity

Operator associativity is used to determine the order of

operators with an equal precedence that are to be
evaluated in an expression either left to right or right to
left..

When an expression contains multiple operators with an

equal precedence, we use associativity to determine the
order of evaluation of those operators.
 Order of Associativity - Example
1 Divide / will happen first. 2 Multiply * will happen second.
It has higher precedence than + & / and *
It has higher precedence than + &
-
- Both have the same precedence
It has same precedence as *
It has same precedence as / but Left to Right (LTR)
But higher associativity
But lower associativity
Associativity
100 + 200 / 10 - 3 * 10
+ and -
1 2 Both have the same precedence
100 + 20 but Left to Right (LTR)
Associativity
3
/ and *
120 - 30
have the higher precedence than +
and -
4
90
 Order of Associativity - Example
3 4
Addition + will happen third.
Subtract - will happen last. / and *
It has lower precedence than / & *
It has lower precedence than / & *
It has same precedence as - Both have the same precedence
It has same precedence as +
But higher associativity but Left to Right (LTR)
But lower associativity
Associativity
100 + 200 / 10 - 3 * 10
+ and -
1 2 Both have the same precedence
100 + 20 but Left to Right (LTR)
Associativity
3
/ and *
120 - 30
have the higher precedence than +
and -
4
90
LMS Activity