QSV - Un It - I - Introduction

QUANTITY SURVEYING
AND
VALUATION
Prepared By:
B.Govinda Rajulu
BADANA.GOVINDA RAJULU 1
UNIT - I
INTRODUCTION
General Items of Work in Building
In the civil engineering field, the construction activity contains
the following three steps:
1. Plans
2. Estimations
3. Execution ( Construction).
1. Plans :
preparation of drawings (Plans, Sections, Elevations) with full
dimensions and detailed specifications, meeting the requirements of
the proposed structure.
2.Estimations:
Preparation of an estimate is for arriving cost of the structure, to
verify the available funds, or to procure the required funds for
completion of the proposed structure.
3.Execution:
It is grounding the proposed structure for construction as per
the provisions contained in drawings and estimation. The plans
contains sizes of rooms and dimensions of the work and the estimate
contains the quantity and quality aspects of the structure.
Definition of Estimate:
An estimate is defined, is the technique of calculating or computing the
various quantities and the expected expenditure to be incurred on a
particular work or project.
Requirements to Prepare an Estimate:

The following data is necessary for preparation of estimate,
i. Drawings
ii. Specifications
iii. Rates
i. Drawings :
Drawings consists Plan, Cross – Sections of important points,

gives full dimensions of each element of structure.
ii. Specifications :
The quality of the work and life of the structure depends on the
specifications adopted, during execution of structure. It specifies the
properties of materials, proportions of mixing, types of workmanship etc.,
iii. Rates :
The rates of various materials and different categories of labour
involved in construction of structures are available at the “Standard
Schedule of Rates” (S.S.R) approved by the concerned engineering
authorities every year. For certain minor items the rates will not found in
S.S.R and these are to be obtained from local market on accurate enquiry.
The rate per unit of various item of work can be worked out by the method
of Analysis of Rates with adoption of breakup from standard data book and
lead charges from S.S.R.
Procedure of Estimating (or) Method of Estimating
Estimating involves the following operations:
A. Preparing Detailed Estimate
B. Calculating the Rate of each unit of work
C. Preparing Abstract of Estimate
Need of Estimate
The object of preparing the estimate for any Civil Engineering. Structure is:
a. To know the quantities of various items of work , materials and labour and their
source of identification.
b. To decide whether the proposal can match the available funds to complete the
structures.
c. To obtain the administrative and technical sanction of the estimate from the
competent authorities to release the funds for construction.
d. To invite tenders or quotations based on the estimate quantities for entrust of work
to the execution.
Accuracy in Estimation
o The estimate has to be prepared carefully with maximum possible

accuracy.
o If the estimate is accurate, the construction work can be completed

in all respects and it serves the purpose for which it is meant.
o If the estimate is not accurate the construction is incomplete and it

will not serve the purpose and involving additional amount and
arriving unnecessary problems.
The following are the general guidelines for Accuracy…
i. All the dimensions shall be measured to the nearest 0.01 m
ii. All the areas shall be worked out the nearest 0.01 sq. m
iii.All the volume shall be worked out
BADANA.GOVINDA RAJULU 8 to the nearest 0.01 cu m.
Types of Estimations
There are different types of estimates and they are as follows:
i. Detailed Estimate
ii. Preliminary (or) Approximate (or) Rough Estimate

iii.Quantity Estimate (or) Quantity Survey
iv. Revised Estimate
v. Supplementary Estimate
vi. Revised Estimate and Supplementary Estimates due to reduction

cost (following P.W.D.Manual)
vii.Complete estimate
viii.Annual Maintenance (or) Repair9 Estimate [A M (or) A R Estimate]
BADANA.GOVINDA RAJULU
i. Detailed Estimate:
• It includes the detailed particulars for the quantities, rates and costs of
all the items involved for satisfactory completion of a project.
• Quantities of all items of work are calculated from their respective dimensions on the
drawings on a measurement sheet.
• Detailed estimate is accompanied by (a) Report, (b) Specifications, (c) Detailed

drawings showing plans, different sections, key or Index plan, etc., (d) Design data
and calculations, (e) Basis of rates adopted in the estimate.
ii. Preliminary or Approximate or Rough Estimate:
* To find out an approximate cost in a short time and thus enables the authority
concerned to consider the financial aspect of the scheme.
* From practical knowledge in various ways for various types of works such as: (i) Plinth
area or square – meter method. (ii) Cubic rate or cubic meter method. (iii) Service
unit or unit rate method. (iv) Approximate quantities with bill method. (v) Bay
method. (vi) Cost comparison method. (vii) Cost from materials and labour.
iii. Quantity Estimate or Quantity Survey:
• It is a complete estimate or list of quantities for all items of work required to complete the
concerned project.
• The quantity of each individual item of work is worked out from respective dimensions on the
drawing of the structure.
iv. Revised Estimate:
o A detailed estimate for the revised quantities and rates of items of works originally provided
in the estimate without material deviations of a structural nature from the design originally
approved for a project.
o It is required to be prepared for the following reasons:
a. when a sanctioned estimate is likely to exceed by more than 5% either from the rates being
fund insufficient or from any cause a whatsoever except important structural alterations.
b. When the expenditure of work exceeds or is likely to exceed by more than 10% of the
administrative approval ( for work more than ₹. 5 lakhs).
c. When there are material deviations from the original proposal but not due to material
deviations of a structural nature.
d. When it is found that the sanctioned estimate is more than the actual requirement.
v. Supplementary Estimate:
 While a work is in progress, some changes or additional works due to material
deviation of a structural nature from the design originally approved may be
thought necessary for the development of a project.
 An estimate is then prepared to include all such works. This is known as a

supplementary estimate.
vi. Revised Estimate and Supplementary estimate due to reduction of cost:
• Where a substantial section of a project costing not less than 5% of the total
sanctioned cost of the project is abandoned or where material deviations from
the original proposals are expected to result in substantial savings, the estimate is
revised by the department and intimated to the Engineer – In – Charge for
execution of the work.
vii. Complete Estimate:
viii. Annual maintenance or Repair Estimate ( A.M. or A.R. Estimate):
• After completion of a work it is necessary to maintain the same for its proper
function and for the same, an estimate is prepared for the items which require
renewal, replacement, repairs etc. in the form of a detailed estimate.
Tabular form for Detailed Estimate
Measurements
Item Description of Height Total Explanatory
No. Breadth Quantity
No. item / work Length / Quantity Note
/ Width
Depth
(1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) (8) (9)
Tabular form for Abstract Estimate

Item Description of
Quantity Rate Per Amount Remarks if Any
No. item / work
(1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7)

Specification:
• In the construction work “specification” gives full description of work. It
indicates the properties of materials and workmanship for each work. It is
quiet essential to expect the quantity and quality of each item of work.
• It is also gives details of sources of materials and other required information in

the execution of work.
• The tenders and quotations can also be invited by enclosing the specifications
for quoting the rates etc.,
Necessity of Specifications:
- Specifications are essential in construction due to the following:

i. Before tendering, the contractor can work out rates, verification of sources,
properties of materials, transportation facilities etc., from source to work
spot for quoting workable rates in tenders.
ii.
To verify the workmanship and availability of required skilled and unskilled labour
for construction.
iii.
For arriving the unit cost of each item of work.
iv.
To specify both quality and quantity of both materials and workmanship.
v.To specify the machinery and other needed for transportation and construction.
vi.
To attend arbitration or court if necessary.
Types of Specifications:
-The specifications are classified into the following two types:

1.General Specifications: ( Brief Specifications)
2.Detailed Specifications.
1. General Specifications:
oThe general specification gives the general idea of the execution of the
structure.
o It gives brief idea on quality and quantity of work, type of contract, time fixed
for completion of work etc.,
oThis is useful for preparation of detailed estimate.
2. Detailed Specifications:
• It gives the detailed description of each item of works.
• Containing the properties of materials utilized and the source of procurement.
• Type of extraction from source.
• Types of conveyance of materials from source to work spot.
• Details of proportions to be used and type of workmanship to be utilized.
• Considering all technical aspects to maintain superior quality of work and it to
improve the life of the structure.
LUMPSUM:
- While preparing an estimate, it is not possible to work out in detail in case of

petty items.
- Items other than civil engineering such items are called lumpsum items or simply
L.S. items.
- The following are some of L.S items in the estimate:

o Water supply and sanitary arrangements
o Electrical installations like meter, motor etc.,
o Architectural features
o Contingencies and unforeseen items.
- In general, certain percentage on the cost of estimation is allotted for the above
L.S items.
- Even if sub-estimates prepared or at the end of execution of work, the actual

cost should not exceed the L.S amounts provided in the main estimate.
P.S. Charges:
- During execution of any civil engineering structure or project, considerable

number of skilled ( qualified) supervisory staff such as work – inspector – work
Assistants.
- Technical maistries, watchmen etc., were employed on temporary basis for the
technical supervision of the project.
Units of Measurements:
- Standard units principles of working out quantities for detailed and abstract
estimates.
- The units of measurements are mainly categorized for their nature, shape and
size and for making payments to the contractor and also.
- The principle of units of measurements normally consists the following:
a) Single units work like, doors, windows, trusses etc., are expressed in
numbers.
b) Works consists linear measurements involve length like cornice, fencing, hand
rail, bands of specified width etc., are expressed in running meters (RM)
c) Works consists areal surface measurements involve area like plastering, white
washing, partitions of specified thickness etc., are expressed in square
meters (Sq.m)
d) Works consists cubical contents which involve volume like earth work,
cement concrete, masonry etc., are expressed in cubic meters ( Cu m)
[Based on IS – 1200 Revised]

Units of Units of
Sl. No Particulars of Item
Measurements Payment
Earth Work
I 1. Earth work Excavation Cu m Per Cu m
2. Earth work in filling foundation trenches Cu m Per Cu m
BADANA.GOVINDA and plinth
RAJULU 20
Units of Units of
Concrete
1. Lime Concrete in foundation Cu m Per Cu m
2. Cement Concrete in lintels Cu m Per Cu m
3. R.C.C. in Slab Cu m Per Cu m
II Cu m Per Cu m
4. C.C. or R.C.C. Chajja, Sunshades
5. L.C. in roof terracing (Thickness Specified) Sq.m Per Sq.m
6. Cement Concrete bed Cu m Per Cu m
7. R.C. Sunshade ( Specified width & Height) Cu m Per Rm
Damp Proof Course (D.P.C)

III [Thickness should be mentioned]
Sq.m Per Sq.m
Brick Work
1. Brick work in foundation Cu m Per Cu m
2. Brick work in Plinth Cu m Per Cu m
IV 3. Brick work in Super Structure Cu m Per Cu m
4. Thin Partition Walls Sq.m Per Cu m
5. Brick work in Arches Cu m Per Cu m
6. Reinforced Brick work (R.B.Work) Cu m Per Cu m
V
BADANA.GOVINDA RAJULU
Stone Work 21
1. Stone Masonry Cu m Per Cu m
Units of Units of
Wood Work
1. Doors and Windows frames or Chow Kats, Cu m Per Cu m
rafters, beams
VI 2. Shutters of doors and windows (Thickness Sq.m Per Sq.m
Specified)
3. Doors and windows fittings (Like hinges, Number Per No.
tower bolts, sliding bolts, handles)
Steel Work
1. Steel reinforcement bars etc., in R.C.C. Quintal Per Quintal
and R.B. work
2. Bending, binding of steel reinforcement Quintal Per Quintal
VII 3. Rivets, bolts and nuts, anchor bolts, Lewis Per Quintal
Quintal
bolts, holding down bolts Per Quintal
4. Iron hold fasts Quintal
Quintal Per Quintal
5. Iron railing (height & type specified) Per Sq.m
6. Iron grills Sq.m
Roofing Cu m Per Cu m
1. R.C.C. and R.B. Slab roof (Excluding Steel) Sq.m Per Sq.m
VIII 2. L.C. roof over and inclusive of tiles or brick
or stone slab etc., (Thickness specified)
3. Centering and shuttering form work Sq.m Per Sq.m
4. A.C.
BADANA.GOVINDA Sheet roofing
RAJULU 22 Sq.m Per Sq.m
Units of Units of
Plastering, Pointing & Finishing

1. Plastering – Cement or lime mortar Sq.m Per Sq.m
(Thickness & Proportion specified)
2. Pointing Sq.m Per Sq.m
IX 3. White washing, color washing, cement Sq.m Per Sq.m
wash (Number of coats specified)
4. Distempering (Number of coats specified) Sq.m Per Sq.m
5. Painting, varnishing ( No.of coats Per Sq.m
Sq.m
specified)
Flooring
1. 25 mm cement concrete over 75 mm lime
concrete floor (Including L.C) Sq.m Per Sq.m
X Sq.m Per Sq.m
2. 25 mm or 40 mm C.C. floor
3. Doors and windows sills ( C.C. or cement Sq.m Per Sq.m
mortar plain)
XI Rain water Pipe / Plain pipe 1 RM Per RM
XII Steel wooden trusses 1 No. Per 1 No.
XIII Glass panels (Supply) Sq.m Per Sq.m
XIV FixingRAJULU
BADANA.GOVINDA of glass panels or cleaning 23 No. Per No.
Rules for Measurement:
-The rules for measurement of each item are invariably described in IS – 1200. However some of the general rules are
listed below:
i.Measurement shall be made for finished item of work and description of each item shall include materials, transport,
labour, fabrication tools and plant and all types of overheads for finishing the work in required shape, size and
specification.
ii.In booking, the order shall be in sequence of length, breadth and height or thickness.
iii.
All works shall be measured subject to the following tolerance. (a) Linear measurement shall be measured to the
nearest 0.01 m (b) Areas shall be measured to the nearest 0.01 Sq.m (c) Cubic contents shall be worked out to the
nearest 0.01 Cu m
iv.
Same type of work under different conditions and nature shall be measured separately under separate items.
v.The bill of quantities shall fully describe the materials, proportions, work man ships and accurately represent the
work to be executed.
vi.
In case of masonry ( Stone or Brick) or structural concrete, the categories shall be measured separately and the
height shall be described.
a) from foundation to Plinth level
b) from Plinth level to First floor level
c) from First floor to Second floor level and so on….
MAIN ITEMS OF THE WORKS
In case of preparation of detailed estimate, the whole project is
divided into various stages. Each stage is divided into items of work. A
main or principle items of Civil Engg.Works are:
I. Earth Work Excavation.
Earth work excavation includes excavation and filling both. Both are considered in different items
and the quantities of both are calculated, separately. The rates for both items are also different in
S.S.R.
 Before excavation of foundations of structure, the site is leveled, after cleaning the site, such
as bushes, trees, grass etc. making convenient for making with lime for actual excavation.
 The markings in the lime lines are made on the ground as per plans in the drawings, and
makes ready for excavation with required width and depth.
 The trenches for foundations should be excavated to the required width, the sides of the
trenches are vertical, and top width and bottom width should be equal.
 All the inner and outer measurements of trenches are measured accurately. The cross
measurements are tallied equally on both sides.
 The loose earth on the trenches are removed and rammed and sprinking the water.
 The removed earth may be damped to the maximum distance possible to the outer side of
excavation, without causing inconvenient for further construction works.
 If the soils of loose or collapsible nature, sides are protected by timber shuttering and
shoring.
 During excavation care is being taken without causing damage or loss to the
pipelines, sewer lines, telephone lines, etc.,
 The measurements will be taken, Length, Width, Depth accurately, if there is minor
variation in depth due to variation level, mean depth is taken for the purpose
calculation of quantities.
 The bottom level of trench is horizontally leveled.
 After construction items i.e., Concreting, R.R. Masonry in foundations and up to

plinth level, the gapes in foundations are filled with excavated earth. Balance earth is
used for filling basement, with watering and ramming.
 The refilling in foundations is neglected, or arrival from excavated quantity duly

deducting concreting and masonry items up to G.L. in basement filling quantity is
arrive as per actual measurements.
2. Concreting in Foundations.
 The measurements taken in volume by measuring Length X Width X Thickness (Depth).

 The length and width up earthwork item is same for concreting.
 The thickness of concrete various from 20 cms to 45 cms.
 The normal thickness is 30 cms.
 The proportions are cement concrete 1:4:8 or 1:5:10 with utility of 40 mm size HB metal.
3. Masonry.( Stone Masonry and Brick Masonry).
 The measurements are taken Length X Width X Height to arrive the quantity in cubic meters.
 The measurements in foundations and in basement up to plinth is taken as unit and beyond plinth up to
roof slab another unit, in first floor next unit and so on.
 The work is carried with desired quality of materials with required workmanship in horizontal layers,
vertically using plumbob, avoiding continuous vertical joints, using through stones with desired
proportion of mortar.
BADANA.GOVINDA
The necessary deductions are made for doors, windows, cupboards, ventilators from the masonry
RAJULU 27
quantity.
4. Reinforced Cement Concrete Works.
 The R.C.C. works may be used for columns, plinth beams, lintels, verandah beams, sunshades,
Racks, T-beams, bed blocks, roof slabs etc.,
 The quantities are calculated in cubic meters.
 The length, breadth and thickness are measured accurately and quantities are calculated
including the steel reinforcement in position.
 The reinforcement and its bending is taken up separately and is measured in length and the total
weight is calculated, considering unit weight of each diameter of rod.
 The volume of steel is not required to be deducted from the measured quantity of R.C.C.
 R.C.C. works are also estimated for the complete work inclusive of steel, centering and shuttering
( Centering and shuttering works are also known as form works).
 The form works are separately be done for each item. Ex: lintels with sufficient bearing in walls,
sunshades racks with monolithic connected from lintels or beams, roof slab etc. with suitable
vertical and horizontal supports without gaps.
5. Flooring.
o Generally for flooring in ground floor, the basement is filled with sand, watering ramming is
done. Over it the slabs of 4 to 5 cms thick were laid duly cutting edges to the required level and
edges of any stone slabs are pointed with CM 1:3 to full depth of stone slabs for suitable
stabilization of stone slabs.
oBADANA.GOVINDA
The quantityRAJULU
of work is calculated in square meters
28 taking length and breadth of the room.
6. Roofing.
 The roofing is generally made with R.C.C. slab of suitable thickness 10 to 12 cms. With required
reinforcement.
 In some case roofing is done, with Kurnool Terrace, Madras Terrace, with A.C. sheet, Mangalore tiles,
pot tiles and pan tiles etc.,
 The quantity of work is calculated in square meters.
 In case of R.C.C. slab is calculated is in square meters, if thickness of slab is specified.
7. Plastering.
 The plastering is done on either side of masonry to protect and improve the site of the structure.
 For stone masonry out side is pointing is done instead of plastering.
 The thickness of plastering and the type of mortar are mentioned in the specification.
 Normally 12 mm thick plastering is done for brick masonry and 20 mm thick plastering is done for
stone masonry the C.M. proportion is 1:4.
 The pointing is done with C.M.1:3 deductions are made for plastering for doors, windows,
ventilators cupboards etc., one side only.
8. Pointing.
• Generally pointing is done to the external faces of stone masonry.
•BADANA.GOVINDA
The proportion of cement mortar adopted is C.M.1:3.
RAJULU 29 Deductions are made similar to the case of
plastering.
9. Doors and Windows.
 Generally the doors and windows adopted are of teak wood or country wood of suitable
dimensions.
 The wood selected for frames and shutters confirm to I.S.,
 The sizes of doors are normally 1.00 X 2.00 m or 00.90 X 1.80 m keeping in view the utility of the
structure.
 Necessary painting with desired paint and workmanship is allowed for the utility and to improve
the life of doors and windows.
10. White Washing, Color Washing and Distempering.
 This items white washing, color washing and distempering are measured in square meters.
 The area is taken same as plastering.
 Inside is usually made white washing and outside is usually color washing and its area is taken
same as for outside plastering.
 These items need not be calculated separately, but simply written as same as inside plastering or
outside plastering.
11. painting.
o The item of painting is calculated is square meters.

o For painting and varnishing the doors and windows dimensions should be taken for outer
dimensions of the chowkat.
o The area is measured flat. No, separate measurements is taken for the chowkat, the area is same
as the area of wall opening. For iron grills etc.,
o The area of clear opening inside the chowkat is taken. For both faces of doors and windows, the
single area as measured above is multiplied by the following factors….
1. Flush Door - 2 times

2. Fully glazed Door - 1 time
3. Fully Paneled and Party glazed - 2 times
4. Fully Paneled Door - 2 ¼ times
5. Fully Paneled Window - 2 ¾ times
Lump – sum – Item.
• These are small items for which detailed quantities cannot be worked out easily.
• Site clearing and dressing, fire place front, architectural work or decoration work etc., are such
items are done on lump sum – rate basis.
Electrification.
o Usually 8% to 10% of the estimated cost of the building works is provided for electrification of
the building.
Water Supply and Sanitary Works.
 Usually 8% to 10% of the estimated cost of the building works is provided for water supply and
sanitary works.
Estimation
o Estimation : Probable cost before execution of work
o Actual cost : Known after completion of work
o Detailed Estimate: Consists of details of different items of work
Measurements
Quantities
Item Description of No. or Total
No. Item of Work Depth / Quantity
Length Breadth Contents
Height
Abstract or Estimated Cost

 The cost under item of work is calculated from the quantities
 Contingency 3 to 5 % added.
Item Description of Rate Remarks if

Quantity Unit Per Amount
No. Item of Work in Rs. any
Methods of Estimate
The items of work like earth work excavation in

foundation, foundation concrete, stone masonry in
foundations and basement, stone or brick masonry in
super structure can be worked by the following
methods.
1. Centre line Method
2. Long - wall and Short – wall Method
Centre line Method
 This method is easy and quicker in calculations
 The special attention is needed at junctions to calculate the accurate
Centre line of rooms for accuracy
 This method is well suitable for walls of similar cross sections
 In this method the total centre line multiplied by breadth and depth
of concerned items gives the total quantity of each items.
The centre line length of Room = Sum of centre line lengths of long
wall and short walls.
‫ ؞‬The C.L. of Room = 2(C.L. Length of Long wall + C.L. of Short wall)
‫ ؞‬The C.L. of long wall = ½ wall thickness + length + ½ wall thickness
Long Wall and Short Wall Method
o In this method the wall along the length of the room is called long
wall and the length along the width of the room is called short wall
o The room contains 2 Long walls + 2 Short walls
o To get the length of long wall, add the thickness of wall on either
side of room + Length of the room
o The length of short wall is the length of breadth of room.
Example :-1
Estimate the quantities of brickwork and plastering required in a wall 4.00 m long, 3.00 m height
and 30 cm thick. Calculate the cost if the rate of brick work is Rs. 320.00 per cu m and the cost of
plastering is Rs. 8.50 per sq. m.
Sol:-
Quantity of Brick work = L X B X H = 4 m X 3 m X 0.30 m = 3.60 cu m.
Quantity of Plastering ( Two faces) = 2 X 4 m X 3 m = 24 sq. m
Cost of Brick work = 3.60 X 320.00 = ₹ 1152.00
Cost of Plastering = 24 X 8.50 = ₹ 204.00
Total Cost in ₹ = 1152.00 + 204.00 = ₹ 1356.00.
Example :-2
The plan and section of room given below figure. Calculate the quantities of (1) Earth work
excavation, (2) Cement Concrete 1:4:8 bedding, (3) R.R.Masonry in foundations and basement,
(4) R.C.C. Plinth beam, (5) Filling the basement with excavated soils. Neglect the filling of foundations.
a) By Centre line method
b) By long wall and Short wall method.
Sol:-
Given Data : Room size - 6.00 X 5.00 m
Wall thickness – 0.35 m ( in super structure)
a) By Centre line Method.
Centre line of long wall = ½ X 0.35 + 6.00 + ½ X 0.35 = 6.35 m.
Centre line of short wall = ½ X 0.35 + 5.00 + ½ X 0.35 = 5.35 m.
Centre line of Room = 2( C.L. of LW + C.L of SW) = 2 ( 6.35 + 5.35 ) = 23.40 m.
Note: Centre line is common to all the items: viz. Earth work excavation, Concrete 1:4:8 bed – R.R. masonry for
foundations and basement and for plinth beam.
Sl. Description of Work No. L B D Quantity Total Explanatory Note
No. Quantity
Earth work excavation and
depositing on bank with initial Width of trench = 1.00 m
1 lead and lift in ordinary gravelly 1x1 23.40 1.00 0.90 21.06 21.06 Depth of trench = 0.90m
soils for foundations
Cement Concrete 1:4:8 with 40
Width of cc bed = 1.00 m
2 mm size HBG metal for bedding 1x1 23.40 1.00 0.30 7.02 7.02
Thickness of bed = 0.30m
all around
R. R. masonry at Cm 1:6 for Footing width = 0.60 m
foundations and basement. 1x1 23.40 0.60 0.60 8.42 Footing Depth = 0.60 m
3 All around for footing 1x1 23.40 0.45 0.45 4.73
13.15
Basement width = 0.45 m
All around for Basement Basement Depth = 0.45 m
R. C. C. 1:2:4 with 20 mm size HB
Plinth beam width = 0.45 m
4 metal with nominal 1x1 23.40 0.45 0.15 1.599 1.60
Plinth beam depth = 0.15 m
reinforcement to plinth beam.
Filling the basement width
excavated soils including
5 watering ramming to complete
1x1 5.90 4.90 0.45 13.00 13.00
inside the room
In side Length = C.L. of Length – Wall thickness in basement = 6.35 – 0.45 = 5.90 m
In side Breadth = C. L. of Length – Wall thickness in basement = 5.35 – 0.45 = 4.90 m
In side Depth in basement = Basement height – Thickness of plinth = 0.60 – 0.15 = 0.45 m
b) By Long Wall and Short Wall Method.
Length of Long wall = Wall thickness + Length of Room + Wall thickness.
= Length of room + 2 x wall thickness.
= 6.00 + 2(0.35) = 6.70 m.
Length of Short wall = 5.00 m.
Note: The length of short wall varies for each item.

Sl. Total
Description of Work No. L B D Quantity Explanatory Note
No. Quantity
depositing on bank with initial lead
1 and lift in ordinary gravelly soils 1x2 7.35 1.00 0.90 13.23 L = 6.35+1.00 = 7.35 m (LW)
For Long walls 1x2 4.35 1.00 0.90 7.83 21.20 cu m L = 5.35 – 1.00 = 4.35 m (SW)
For Short walls
Cement Concrete 1:4:8 with 40 mm
2 size HBG metal for bedding
For Long walls 1x2 7.35 1.00 0.30 4.41 Length same as for excavation
For Short walls 1x2 4.35 1.00 0.30 2.61 7.10 cu m
R. R. masonry at Cm 1:6 for
foundations and basement. 1x2 6.95 0.60 0.60 5.00 L = 6.35 + 0.60 = 6.95 m (LW-F)
3 Footing for Long walls 1x2 4.75 0.60 0.60 3.42 L= 5.35 – 0.60 = 4.75 m(SW – F)
for Short walls 1x2 6.80 0.45 0.45 2.75 L = 6.35 + 0.45 = 6.80 m ( LW-B)
Basement for Long walls 1x2 4.90 0.45 0.45 1.98 13.20 cu m L = 5.35 – 0.45 = 4.90 m (SW-B)
for Short walls
R. C. C. 1:2:4 with 20 mm size HBG
metal with nominal reinforcement
4 for plinth beam. 1x2 6.80 0.45 0.15 0.918
For Long walls Length same as for Basement
For Short walls 1x2 4.90 0.45 0.15 0.661 1.60 cu m
Filling the basement with excavated L = Lc - Bt = 6.35–0.45=5.90 m

5 soils including watering ramming to 1x1 5.90 4.90 0.45 13.00 13.00 cu m B = Sc – Bt = 5.35-0.45=4.90 m
complete inside the room D = Bt – Pt = 0.60-0.15 = 0.45 m
L = Length; B = Breadth; D = Depth; Lc = Centre line length of long wall; Sc = Centre line length of short wall;
Bt = Basement thickness; Pt = Plinth thickness.
Example :- 3
Prepare an approximate estimate of the building with a plinth area of 1600 Sq. m. with the following data:
1. Plinth area rate Rs. 3000 / sq. m.
2. Add for Architectural work 2 ½ % of the cost.
3. Add for water supply and sanitary installations = 5% of the cost.
4. Contingencies 3% of the cost.
5. Supervision charges = 2% of the cost.
Solution:
a) Building cost ( 1600 sq.m. area) = 1600 X 3000 = Rs . 48,00,000
b) Cost of Architectural works ( 2 ½ %) = 48,00,000 X 5/2*100 = Rs. 1,20,000
c) Cost of Water supply and sanitary installation ( 5%) = 48,00,000 X 5/100 = Rs. 2,40,000
d) Cost of Contingencies (3%) = 48,00,000 X 3/100 = Rs. 1,44,000
e) Cost of Supervision charges (2%) = 48,00,000 X 2/100 = Rs. 96,000
Total Cost of Building = ( a + b + c + d + e) = Rs. 54,00,000.00

Example :- 4:
The plinth area of the apartment is 400 sq. m. Determine the total cost of the building with the
following data:
1. Cost of construction = Rs. 1500 / cu m
2. Height of the apartment = 16.50 m
3. Water supply , Sanitary and Electrical installations each of 5% of building cost.
4. Architectural appearance at 1% of building cost
5. Unforeseen items at 2% of the building cost.
6. P.S. Charges and contingencies 4% BADANA.GOVINDA RAJULU 40
Solution:
1. The cost of building = Cubic content X Cubic rate = 400 X 16.50 X 1500 = ₹. 99,00,000/-
2. Provision for water supply, sanitation and = 99,00,000 X 3 X 5 = Rs. 14,85,000/-
Electrical installation each of 5% of building cost 100
3. Architectural appearance at 1% (99,00,000 X 1/100) = Rs. 99,000/-
4. Unforeseen items at 2% = 99,00,000 X 2/100 = Rs. 1,98,000/-
5. P.S. Charges and contingencies 4% = 99,00,000 X 4/100 = Rs. 3,96,000/-
Total : = Rs. 1,20,78,000/-

Sundries = Rs. 22,000/-
-----------------------
The Total Cost of the Building : = Rs. 1,21,00,000/-
------------------------
Example : 5
Estimate the quantities of the following items of a two roomed building from the given plan and section
below by Long wall and short wall method:
1. Earth work in excavation in foundation
2. Lime concrete in foundation
3. 1st class brickwork in C. M. 1:6 in foundation and plinth
4. 2.5 cm C.C. Damp proof course and
5. 1st class brick work in lime mortar in super structure.
Solution:
Sl. Total
No. Quantity
depositing on bank with initial lead
1 and lift in ordinary gravelly soils L = (4+6+0.30+2*0.3/2)+1.10 =
For Long walls 1x2 11.70 1.10 1.00 25.74 11.70m (LW)
1x3 5.20 1.10 1.00 17.16 42.90 cu m L = (6+2*0.3/2)–1.10 = 5.20 m (SW)
For Short walls
Lime concrete for foundation
2 bedding
For Long walls 1x2 11.70 1.10 0.30 7.72
For Short walls 1x3 5.20 1.10 0.30 5.15 12.87 cu m Length same as for excavation
1st class Brick work with CM 1:6 for

foundations and plinth.
For Long walls
1st footing 1x2 11.40 0.80 0.20 3.65 L = 10.60 + 0.80 = 11.40 M
2nd footing 1x2 11.30 0.70 0.10 1.58 L = 10.60 + 0.70 = 11.30 M
3rd footing 1x2 11.20 0.60 0.10 1.34 L = 10.60 + 0.60 = 11.20 M
4th footing 1x2 11.10 0.50 0.10 1.11 L = 10.60 + 0.50 = 11.10 M
3 Plinth wall above footing 1x2 11.00 0.40 0.80 7.04 L = 10.60 + 0.40 = 11.00 M
For Short walls
1st footing 1x3 5.50 0.80 0.20 2.64 L = 6.30 – 0.80 = 5.50 M
2nd footing 1x3 5.60 0.70 0.10 1.18 L = 6.30 – 0.70 = 5.60 M
3rd footing 1x3 5.70 0.60 0.10 1.03 L = 6.30 – 0.60 = 5.70 M
4th footing 1x3 5.80 0.50 0.10 0.87 L = 6.30 – 0.50 = 5.80 M
Plinth wall above footing 1x3 5.90 0.40 0.80 5.66 26.10 cu m L = 6.30 – 0.40 = 5.90 M
Damp proof course 2.5 cm thick C.C.

For Long walls
4 For Short walls 1x2 11.00 0.40 - 8.80
1x3 5.90 0.40 - 7.08 15.88 sq m Length same as for Plinth wall
Deductions for Doors sills 1x2 1.20 0.40 - 0.96 14.92 sq.m
1 class Brick work in lime mortar in
st
super structure
5 For Long walls 1x2 10.90 0.30 4.20 27.47 L = 10.60 + 0.30 = 10.90 M
For Short walls 1x3 6.00 0.30 4.20 22.68 50.15 cu m L = 6.30 – 0.30 = 6.00 M
Sl. Total
No. Quantity
Deductions –
Door openings 1x2 1.20 0.30 2.10 1.51
Window openings 1x4 1.00 0.30 1.50 1.80 (-) 4.40 cu m
Shelves 1x2 1.00 0.20 1.50 0.60 Back of shelves 10 cm thick wall
Lintels over Doors 1x2 1.50 0.30 0.15 0.14 45.75 cu m
Lintels over Windows 1x4 1.30 0.30 0.15 0.23
Lintels over Shelves 1x2 1.30 0.30 0.15 0.12
Total Deductions
Rates for different item of works:

1. Earth work excavation : Rs. 3350.00/ % cu.m
2. Lime concrete in foundation : Rs. 220.00/ cu. m
3. 1 class Brick work in C.M. 1:6
st
: Rs. 320.00/ cu. m
4. Damp Proof course : Rs. 18.00/sq.m
5. 1st class Brick work in L.M in SS : Rs. 300.00/ cu. M
Abstract Estimate:
Item Rate
No. Description of Item of Work Quantity Unit in Rs. Per Amount
Earth work excavation and depositing on

1 bank with initial lead and lift in ordinary 42.90 Cu m 3350/- 100 cu m 1437.15
gravelly soils
2 Lime concrete for foundation bedding 12.87 Cu m 220/- Cu m 2831.40
1st class Brick work with CM 1:6 for

3 26.10 Cu m 320/- Cu m 8352.00
4 Damp proof course 2.5 cm thick C.C. 14.92 Sq.m 18/- Sq.m 268.56
1st class Brick work in lime mortar in super

5 45.75 Cu m 300/- Cu m 13725.00
structure
TOTAL COST OF THE BUILDING ₹. 26,614.00

By Centre Line Method:
o In this problem, there are two junctions ( 1 & 2) of the

internal wall with the main wall.
o Total centre line length of the wall =
2 X c/c of long wall + 3 X c/c of short wall
= 2 X 10.60 + 3 X 6.3 = 40.10 m
Sl. Total
No. Quantity
Earth work excavation and Total centre line length =

1 depositing on bank with initial 1x1 39.00 1.10 1.00 42.90 42.90 cu m 40.10 m
lead and lift in ordinary gravelly L = 40.10 – (2x1.10/2)=39.00
soils m
2 Lime concrete for foundation 1x1 39.00 1.10 0.30 12.87 12.87 cu m Length same as foundation
bedding
1st class Brick work with CM L = 40.10 –

1:6 for foundations and plinth. (2X0.80/2)=39.30
1st footing 1x1 39.30 0.80 0.20 6.29 L = 40.10 - (2X0.70/2)=39.40
2nd footing 1x1 39.40 0.70 0.10 2.76 L = 40.10 –
3
3rd footing 1x1 39.50 0.60 0.10 2.37 (2X0.60/2)=39.50
4th footing 1x1 39.60 0.50 0.10 1.98 L = 40.10 –
Plinth wall above footing 1x1 39.70 0.40 0.80 12.70 26.10 cu m (2X0.50/2)=39.60
L = 40.10 –
(2X0.40/2)=39.70
Damp proof course 2.5 cm 1X1 39.70 0.40 - 15.88 15.88

4 thick C.C. L = 40.10 –
1x2 1.20 0.40 - ( - )0.96 14.92 sq m (2X0.40/2)=39.70
Deductions for Door sill
Sl. Total
No. Description of Work No. L B D Quantity Quantity Explanatory Note
1st class Brick work in lime

mortar in super structure
1x1 39.80 0.30 4.20 50.15 50.15 cu m
L = 40.10 –
Deductions – (2X0.30/2)=39.80
Door openings 1X2 1.20 0.30 2.10 1.51
Window openings
5 1X4 1.00 0.30 1.50 1.80
Shelves 1X2 1.00 0.20 1.50 0.60 (-) 4.40 cu m
Lintels over Doors
1X2 1.50 0.30 0.15 0.14 Back of shelves 10 cm thick
Lintels over Windows 1X4 1.30 0.30 0.15 0.23 wall.
Lintels over Shelves
Total Deductions 1X2 1.30 0.30 0.15 0.12
Net 45.75 cu m
Abstract Estimate:
Item Rate
Description of Item of Work Quantity Unit Per Amount
No. in Rs.

1 bank with initial lead and lift in ordinary 42.90 Cu m 3350/- 100 cu m 1437.15
gravelly soils
2 Lime concrete for foundation bedding 12.87 Cu m 220/- Cu m 2831.40
3 1st class Brick work with CM 1:6 for 26.10 Cu m 320/- Cu m 8352.00
4 Damp proof course 2.5 cm thick C.C. 14.92 Sq.m 18/- Sq.m 268.56
1st class Brick work in lime mortar in super

5 45.75 Cu m 300/- Cu m 13725.00
structure
TOTAL COST OF THE BUILDING Rs.26,614.00
Example : 6
A building consists of 120 sq.m. plinth area in each floor. It consists of ground and first floor, whose height are 4.0m and
3.6 m respectively. Calculate the cost of the building from the given data. The rates given below are same for both
floors.
1. Cubic area rate - 2000/- per cu m
2. Add for architectural work - 1% of the total cost
3. Add for water supply - 5% of the total cost
4. Add for sanitary work - 5% of the total cost
5. Add for electrical works - 6% of the total cost
6. Add for unforeseen items - 5% of the total cost
7. Add for supervision - 2.5% of the total cost.
Solution:
1. Volume of Ground floor - 120 X 4.0 m = 480 cu m
2. Volume of First floor - 120 X 3.60m = 432 cu m
a) Estimation of Ground Floor ( G F )

1. Cost of Ground floor of 480 cu m @ Rs. 2000/- per cu m 480 X 2000 = Rs. 9,60,000.00
2. Cost of architectural works @ 1% ( Rs. 9,60,000 X 1/100) = Rs. 9,600.00
3. Cost of water supply @ 5% ( Rs. 9,60,000 X 5/100) = Rs. 48,000.00
4. Cost of sanitary work @ 5% ( Rs. 9,60,000 X 5/100 ) = Rs. 48,000.00
5. Cost of Electricity @ 6% ( Rs. 9,60,000 X 6/100) = Rs. 57,600.00
6. Unforeseen items @ 5% ( Rs. 9,60,000 X 5/100) = Rs. 48,000.00
7. Supervision charges @ 2.5% ( Rs. 9,60,000 X 2.5/100) = Rs. 24,000.00
TOTAL COST OF GROUND FLOOR = Rs. 11,95,200.00 BADANA.GOVINDA RAJULU 47

Cont.---
b) Estimation of First Floor ( F F )

1. Cost of First floor of 432 cu m @ Rs. 2000/- per cu m 432 X 2000 = Rs. 8,64,000.00
2. Cost of architectural works @ 1% ( Rs. 8,64,000 X 1/100) = Rs. 8,640.00
3. Cost of water supply @ 5% ( Rs. 8,64,000 X 5/100) = Rs. 43,200.00
4. Cost of sanitary work @ 5% ( Rs. 8,64,000 X 5/100 ) = Rs. 43,200.00
5. Cost of Electricity @ 6% ( Rs. 8,64,000 X 6/100) = Rs. 51,840.00
6. Unforeseen items @ 5% ( Rs. 8,64,000 X 5/100) = Rs. 43,200.00
7. Supervision charges @ 2.5% ( Rs. 8,64,000 X 2.5/100) = Rs. 21,600.00
TOTAL COST OF FIRST FLOOR = Rs. 10,75,680.00
TOTAL COST OF BUILDING = COST OF GROUND FLOOR + COST OF FIRST FLOOR

= Rs. 11,95,200.00 + Rs. 10,75,680.00
= Rs. 22,70,880.00
Add Sundries = Rs. 29,120.00
TOTAL COST OF THE BUILDING = Rs. 23,00,000.00

Example : 7
Prepare the detailed estimate for the masonry platform of size 5.00 X 4.00 m . The plan and section of
one platform is given below…
Solution:
General Specifications –
1. Foundation : C.C. 1:4:8 with 40
mm H.B. Metal
2. Masonry : R.R. Masonry in C.M
1:6 below and above G.L.
3. Flooring : Cement Concrete 1:4:8
and 50 mm thick over earth
filling.
4. Plastering : With C.M 1:4, 20 mm
thick all-round the platform.
Note: Centre line of platform :
= 2(4.30 + 0.35 + 3.30 +0.35)
= 16.60 m
Assume the Rates as per local market :
1. Earthwork excavation = Rs. 5000 / % Cu m
2. C.C. 1:4:8 = Rs. 4000 / Cu m
3. R.R.Masonry = Rs. 450 / Cu m
4. Brick work = Rs. 400 / Cu m
5. Filling the Basement with excavated soils = Rs. 120 / Cu m
6. Flooring of plastering = Rs. 25 / Sq.m
7. Plastering = Rs. 50 / Sq.m BADANA.GOVINDA RAJULU 49
Sl. Total

depositing on bank with initial
1 lead and lift in ordinary
gravelly soils for foundation –
1x1 16.60 0.75 0.60 7.47 7.47 cu m
AL around platform
Cement Concrete 1:4:8 with
2 40 mm size HBG metal for 1x1 16.60 0.75 0.20 2.49 2.49 cu m
foundations of the platform
R.R. masonry in C.M. 1:6 for
3 1x1 16.60 0.45 0.40 3.00 3.00 cu m
foundations
4 Brick masonry in C.M. 1:6 in 1x1 16.60 0.35 1.00 5.81 5.81 cu m
basement
Inner side length =
Filling the basement with 5.00-2(0.35)=4.30 m
excavated soils Inner side Breadth =
5 1x1 4.30 3.30 0.95 13.48 13.48 cu m
Note: Filling foundation is 4.00 – 2(0.35) = 3.30 m
generally negligible. Inner side Height =
1.00 – 0.05 = 0.95 m
Flooring with cement
concrete 1:4:8 with 50 mm Length & Breadths are
6 thick and top plastering with 1x1 4.30 3.30 - 14.19 14.19 Sq.m same as per the
1:4 with 12 mm thick over Basement.
platform.
Plastering with C.M. 1:4 with
12 mm thick all-around four 1x1 18.00 1.00 - 18.00
7 Length all-around =
sides top of walls 23.81 Sq.m 4x0.35 + 16.60 = 18.00
over platform 1x1 16.60 0.35 - 5.81
Abstract Estimate:
Item Description of Item of Work Quantity Unit Rate in Per Amount in Rs.
No. Rs.
1
bank with initial lead and lift in ordinary
gravelly soils for foundation –
AL around platform 7.47 Cu m 5000 % cu m 373.50
2
Cement Concrete 1:4:8 with 40 mm size 2.49 Cu m 4000 Cu m 9960.00
HBG metal for foundations of the platform
3 R.R. masonry in C.M. 1:6 for foundations 3.00 Cu m 450 Cu m 1350.00
4 Brick masonry in C.M. 1:6 in basement 5.81 Cu m 400 Cu m 2324.00
Filling the basement with excavated soils

5 Note: Filling foundation is generally 13.48 Cu m 200 Cu m 1617.00
negligible.
Flooring with cement concrete 1:4:8 with
6 50 mm thick and top plastering with 1:4 14.19 Sq.m 25 Sq.m 354.75
with 12 mm thick over platform.
Plastering with C.M. 1:4 with 12 mm thick
7 all-around four sides top of walls 23.81 Sq.m 50 Sq.m 1190.50
over platform
Cost of the platform 17,170.35
Add Sundries / L.S. Charges 829.65
TOTAL COST OF THE PLAT FORM Rs. 18,000.00
Example : 8
Estimate the quantities of the following items of a residential building from the given below drawings by Long wall - Short wall method
and Centre line method:
1. Earth work excavation in foundation

2. Lime concrete in foundation
3. First class brick work in 1:6 cement sand mortar in foundation and plinth
4. 2.5 cm Damp proof course, and
5. first class brick work in lime mortar in super structure.
Solution:
(i) By Long Wall – Short Wall Method
Center to Center lengths of wall:
Drawing and left hand side bed room combined:

Center to center long walls = (0.30/2 ) + 6.00 + 0.30 + 4.00 + (0.30/2) = 10.60 m
Center to center short walls= (0.30/2) +5.00 + (0.30/2) = 5.30 m
Bed rooms right side ( Both combined):

Center to center long walls = (0.30/2) + 5.00 + 0.30 + 4.00 + (0.30/2) = 9.60 m
Center to center short walls= (0.30/2) + 4.50 + (0.30/2) = 4.80 m
Front verandah:
Front wall center to center length = (0.30/2)+5.00+0.30+4.00+0.10+(0.20/2) = 9.65 Side wall
center to center length = (0.20/2) + 2.00 + (0.30/2) = 2.25 m
Back verandah including bath room:

Center to center long wall (rear wall including bath room) = 9.65 m same as front verandah wall
Center to center length of side wall of bath room = (0.30/2) + 2.50 + (0.20/2) = 2.75 m
Details of Measurement and Calculation of Quantities:
MEASUREMENTS
SL .NO/ DEPTH QUANTITY TOTAL
DESCRIPTION OF ITEM NO'S EXPLANATORY NOTE
ITEM NO LENGTH BREADTH / QUANTITY
HEIGHT
Earth work excavation in foundation -
DRAWING ROOM AND LEFTSIDE BED ROOM
FOR LONG WALLS 2 11.5 0.9 1 20.7 10.60+0.90 = 11.50 M
I FOR SHORT WALLS 3 4.4 0.9 1 11.88 5.30-0.9 = 4.4 M

BED ROOMS FOR RIGHT SIDE (2 NO'S)

FOR LONG WALLS 2 9.6 0.9 1 17.28 L = 9.60 + 0.90/2 - 0.90/2 = 9.60 M

FOR SHORT WALLS 2 3.9 0.9 1 7.02 L= 4.80 - 0.90 = 3.90 M

FRONT VERANDAH - LONG WALL 1 9.5 0.6 0.5 2.85
SHORT WALL 1 1.5 0.6 0.5 0.45

BACK VERANDAH - LONG WALL 1 9.5 0.6 0.5 2.85
SHORT WALL 2 2 0.6 0.5 1.2
64.23 cu m
Lime concrete in foundation - for Drawing hall

and left side bed room
Long wall 2 11.5 0.9 0.3 6.21
Short wall 3 4.4 0.9 0.3 3.564
Right side Bedrooms ( Both)
L is same as per the Earth work
Long wall 2 9.6 0.9 0.3 5.184
excavation
Short wall 2 3.9 0.9 0.3 2.106
II
Front side Verandah

Long wall 1 9.5 0.6 0.2 1.14

Short wall 1 1.5 0.6 0.2 0.18

Backside Verandah
Long wall 1 9.5 0.6 0.2 1.14

Short wall 2 2 0.6 0.2 0.48

20.004 Cu m
MEASUREMENTS
SL .NO/ DEPTH QUANTITY TOTAL
DESCRIPTION OF ITEM NO'S EXPLANATORY NOTE
ITEM NO LENGTH BREADTH / QUANTITY
HEIGHT
1st class Brick work in foundation

and plinth with CM (1:6) - Drawing
hall and left side bedroom
For Long wall -------- 1st footing 2 11.2 0.6 0.2 2.688 L = 10.60 + 0. 60 = 11.20 m
2 nd footing 2 11.1 0.5 0.2 2.22 L = 10.60 +0.50 = 11.10 m
Plinth wall 2 11 0.4 0.9 7.92 L = 10.60 + 0.40 = 11.00 m
For Short wall -------1st footing 3 4.7 0.6 0.2 1.692 L= 5.30 - 0.60 = 4.70 m
2nd footing 3 4.8 0.5 0.2 1.44 L = 5.30 - 0.50 = 4.80 m
Plinth wall 3 4.9 0.4 0.9 5.292 L = 5.30 - 0.40 = 4.90 m
Right side Bedrooms (Both) ----

For Long wall
1st footing 2 9.6 0.6 0.2 2.304 L = 9.60 -0.6/2 + 0.60/2 = 9.60 m
2nd footing 2 9.6 0.5 0.2 1.92 L = 9.60 -0.50/2 + 0.50/2 =9.60
Plinth wall 2 9.6 0.4 0.9 6.912 L = 9.60 - 0.40/2 +0.4/2 = 9.60
III For Short wall -------1st footing 2 4.2 0.6 0.2 1.008 L = 4.80 - 0.60 = 4.20 m
2nd footing 2 4.3 0.5 0.2 0.86 L = 4.80 - 0.50 = 4.30 m
Plinth wall 2 4.4 0.4 0.9 3.168 L= 4.80 - 0.40 = 4.40 M
Front Verandah –
1 9.65 0.4 0.2 0.772 L = 9.65 - 0.40/2 + 0.40/2 =9.65 m
Front long wall footing
Plinth wall 1 9.6 0.3 0.7 2.016 L = 9.65 - 0.40/2 +0.3/2 = 9.60 m
For Side wall - Footing 1 1.85 0.4 0.2 0.148 L= 2.25 - 0.40/2 -0.40/2 = 1.85 m
Plinth wall 1 1.9 0.3 0.7 0.399 L = 2.25 - 0.40/2 - 0.30/2 = 1.90 m
Back side Verandah – Length Same as for front
1 9.65 0.4 0.2 0.772
Long wall - Footing verandah
Plinth Wall 1 9.6 0.3 0.7 2.016
Short wall - Footing 2 2.35 0.4 0.2 0.376 L = 2.75 -0.40/2 - 0.40/2 = 2.35 m
Plinth wall 2 2.4 0.3 0.7 1.008 L = 2.75 -0.40/2 - 0.30/2 = 2.40 m
44.931 Cu m
MEASUREMENTS
SL .NO/ TOTAL
DESCRIPTION OF ITEM NO'S DEPTH / QUANTITY EXPLANATORY NOTE
ITEM NO LENGTH BREADTH QUANTITY
HEIGHT
2.5 cm damp proof course -

Drawing and Left side Bed room

Long wall 2 11 0.4 - 8.8 L is same as Plinth wall
Short wall 3 4.9 0.4 - 5.88
Right Side Bed rooms (Both )
Long wall 2 9.6 0.4 - 7.68
Short wall 2 4.4 0.4 - 3.52
Verandah Pillars 4 0.5 0.3 - 0.6 0.40+2*0.05 = 0.50
IV Bathroom rear wall 1 2.3 0.3 - 0.69 L= 2.20+2*0.05 = 2.30 m
Side and Inner wall 2 2.4 0.3 - 1.44 L = 2.75 - 0.4/2 - 0.3/2 = 2.40 m
Gross Quantity 28.61 Sq. m
Deductions:
Door Sills - D1 6 1.2 0.4 - 2.88
Door Sills - D2 2 1 0.4 - 0.8
Door Sills - D3 1 0.75 0.3 - 0.225
3.905 (-) 3.905 Sq.m
Net Quantity 24.70 Sq. m
MEASUREMENTS
SL .NO/ TOTAL
DESCRIPTION OF ITEM NO'S DEPTH / QUANTITY EXPLANATORY NOTE
ITEM NO LENGTH BREADTH QUANTITY
HEIGHT
1st class brickwork in super structure
in lime mortar - Drawing and left bed
room
Long wall 2 10.9 0.3 4 26.16 L= 10.60+0.30 = 10.90 m
Short wall 3 5 0.3 4 18 L= 5.3 - 2*0.3/2 = 5.00 m
Bed rooms in right side (Both )
Long wall 2 9.6 0.3 4 23.04 L= 9.60-0.3/2+0.30/2 = 9.60 m
Short wall 2 4.5 0.3 4 10.8 L=4.80-2*0.3/2 = 4.50m
Front verandah
Long wall 1 9.6 0.2 3.05 5.856 L= 9.65 - 0.3/2 +0.2/2 = 9.60 m
Short wall 1 2 0.2 3.05 1.22 L= 2.25 -0.3/2 - 0.2/2 = 2.00 m
Backside Verandah
Long wall 1 9.6 0.2 3.05 5.856
Short wall 2 2.5 0.2 3.05 3.05 L= 2.75 - 0.30/2 - 0.20/2 = 2.50 m
Gross Quantity 93.982 Cu m
DEDUCTIONS:
Door Openings - D1 6 1.2 0.3 2.1 4.536
Door Openings - D2 2 1 0.3 2 1.2
Door Openings - D3 1 0.75 0.2 1.8 0.27
Window Openings - W1 11 1 0.3 1.5 4.95
V Window Openings - W2 1 2 0.3 1.5 0.9
Window Openings - W3 2 0.75 0.2 1.2 0.36
Clerestory Window openings ( CW) 18 0.75 0.3 0.6 2.43
Shelves openings 5 1 0.2 1.5 1.5
Front verandah openings in b/w pillars 1 8.45 0.2 2.4 4.056 L= 9.65 - 3*0.40 = 8.45 m
Side opening 1 2 0.2 2.4 0.96
Backside verandah opening 1 6.8 0.2 2.4 3.264 L=9.6-2.40 -0.40 = 6.80 m
Lintels :-
Over Door - D1 6 1.5 0.3 0.15 0.405
Over Door - D2 2 1.3 0.3 0.15 0.117
Over Door - D3 1 0.95 0.2 0.15 0.0285
Over Windows - W1 11 1.3 0.3 0.15 0.6435
Over Windows - W2 1 2.3 0.3 0.15 0.1035
Over Windows - W3 2 0.95 0.2 0.15 0.057
Over CW 18 0.95 0.3 0.15 0.7695
Over Shelves 5 1.3 0.3 0.15 0.2925
Verandah Lintels - Front 1 9.75 0.2 0.15 0.2925 L = 9.6 +0.15 = 9.75 m
Side opening 1 2.15 0.2 0.15 0.0645 L= 2.0+0.15 = 2.15 m
Backside verandah opening 1 7.5 0.2 0.15 0.225 (-) 27.40 Cu m L= 9.60-2.40 +2*0.15 = 7.50 m
27.40 cu m
Net QuantityBADANA.GOVINDA
66.59 cu m RAJULU 57
(ii) By Centre Line Method
Total centre length of all 30 cm walls ( Same category / Type) of main rooms:
= Total centre length of walls of drawing and left side bed room + Total centre length of walls of right side bed rooms
= (2 X centre to centre length of long wall + 3 X Centre to centre length of short wall)
+
(2 X centre to centre length of long wall + 2 X centre to centre length of short wall)
= ( 2 X 10.60 + 3 X 5.30 ) + ( 2 X 9.60 + 2 X 4.80)

= 37.10 + 28.80
= 65.90 m
Number of junctions for these walls is 6 as per figure. All these junctions are with main walls of 30 cm.
Total centre length of all 20 cm walls ( Same category / Type) of front verandah, back verandah and bath room.
= ( centre to centre length of front wall + centre to centre length of side wall)
+
( centre to centre length of back verandah long wall including bath + 2 X centre to centre length of cross walls of bath room)
= (9.65 + 2.25) + (9.65 + 2 X 2.75)

= 11.90 + 15.15
= 27.05 m
Number of junctions of these walls is 5 + 1 as per figure.
Five junctions are with main walls of 30 cm and one junction with similar wall of 20 cm.
Sl. Total

depositing on bank with
initial lead and lift in ordinary
gravelly soils for foundation L = 65.90 – 6*(0.90/2) =
1
wall of main room ( six 1x1 63.20 0.90 1.00 56.88 63.20 m
junctions) L = 27.05 – 5*(0.90/2) –
Walla of verandahs including 1x1 24.50 0.60 0.50 7.35 64.23 Cu m 1*(0.60/2) = 24.50 m
bath ( five and one junction)
Lime concrete in foundation L same as above EWE
1x1 63.20 0.90 0.30 17.06
2 Walls of main rooms 1x1 25.50 0.60 0.20 3.06 20.12 Cu m L = 27.05 – 5*(0.50/2) –
Walls of verandah and bath 1*(0.60/2) = 25.50 m
1st class brick work in L = 65.90 – 6* (0.60/2) =
foundation and plinth in 1:6 64.10 m
cement mortar. L = 65.90 – 6*(0.50/2) =
Walls of main rooms: 64.40 m
1st footing 1x1 64.10 0.60 0.20 7.69 L = 65.90 – 6*(0.40/2) =
3
2nd footing 1x1 64.40 0.50 0.20 6.44 64.70 m
Plinth wall above footing 1x1 64.70 0.40 0.90 23.29 L = 27.05 – 5*(0.40/2) –
Walls of verandah and bath: 1*(0.40/2) = 25.85 m
Footing 1x1 25.85 0.40 0.20 2.07 L = 27.05 – 5*(0.40/2) –
Plinth wall above footing 1x1 25.90 0.30 0.70 5.44 44.93 Cu m 1*(0.30/2) = 25.90 m
2.5 cm Damp proof course:
Walls of main rooms 1x1 64.70 0.40 - 25.88 Gross Qty: L is same as for plinth
Verandah pillars 1x4 0.50 0.30 - 0.60 28.67 Cu m wall
Bath room (Total of 3 walls) 1x1 7.30 0.30 2.19 5 cm extra on all sides
4 Deductions: Deduct L=
Door sills – D1 1x6 1.20 0.40 - 2.88 (-)3.91 Cu m (2.20+2*0.15)+2*[(2.75-
Door sills – D2 1x2 1.00 0.40 - 0.80 Net Qty: (0.40/2)-(0.30/2)] =7.30 m
Door sills – D3 1x1 0.75 0.30 - 0.23 24.76 Cum
Sl. Description of Work No. L B D Quantity Total Explanatory Note
No. Quantity
1st class brick work in super
structure in lime mortar: Gross
Walls of main rooms 1x1 65.00 0.30 4.00 78.00 Quantity:
Walls of verandah and bath 1x1 26.20 0.20 3.05 15.98 93.98 Cu m
( as solid)
5 Deductions: L = 65.90 – 6* (0.30/2) =

Deduct openings and lintels Deduct 65.00 m
Same as for the details of Quantity L = 27.05 – 5*(0.30/2) –
Long wall – Short wall 27.40 Cu m 1*(0.20/2) = 26.20 m
method item no.5 27.40 Cu m
Net
Quantity :
66.58 Cu m
Example – 9:
Estimate the quantities of a single room building ( Framed Structure) size of 6.00 m X
4.00 m from the given below drawings.
Solution:
Sl. Total
Earth work excavation for

foundation:
1 For column trenches For wall length:
For wall footings centre to 1x4 1.20 1.20 1.50 8.64 L = 2x(6+4) –
1x1 16.40 0.90 0.60 8.86 17.50 Cu m 4*0.9(pedestal) = 16.40 m
centre
Sand filling in foundation for
2 1x4 1.20 1.20 0.15 0.864 0.864 Cu m
Columns
Cement Concrete 1:4:8 by
3 using 40 mm HBG metal for 1x4 1.20 1.20 0.15 0.864 0.864 Cu m
column
R.C.C (1:2:4) by using 20 mm
4 HBG metal for column 1x4 1.20 1.20 0.60 3.456 3.456 Cu m
footings
R.C.C (1:2:4) by using 20 mm
5 HBG metal for pedestal 1x4 0.90 0.90 0.45 1.458 1.458 Cu m
6 R.R. Masonry for wall 1x1 20.00 0.90 0.60 10.80 10.80 Cu m L = 2 ( 6.00+4.00) = 20.00 m
foundation all-around
L=
7 Plinth Beam all-around walls 1x1 21.20 0.30 0.30 1.91 1.91 Cu m 2(6.00+4.00)+4(Columns)*
0.30 = 21.20 m
D = 0.15+0.75-0.30+3.00-
8 R.C.C (1:2:4) for Columns 1x4 0.30 0.30 4.20 1.512 1.512 Cu m 0.30+0.90 = 4.20 m
L = 6.00 – 0.90 = 5.10 m

9 Basement filling with sand 1x1 5.10 3.10 0.75 11.86 11.86 Cu m B = 4.00 – 0.90 = 3.10 m
Sl. Total
No. Quantity
Cement Concrete 1:4:8 L & B are same as per
10 flooring 1x1 5.10 3.10 0.15 2.372 2.372 Cu m basement
1st class brick work for super 1x1 21.20 0.30 3.00 19.08 19.08 Cu m
structure
L is same as per the
11 plinth beam all around
Deductions: (-) 1.962 Cu m
walls
Doors (Assume 2 No’s) 1x2 1.20 0.30 2.10 1.512 Net Quantity
Windows ( Assume 2 No’s) 1x1 1.00 0.30 1.50 0.45 17.118 Cu m
R.C.C (1:2:4) for slab Beams
12 all-around the room 1x1 21.20 0.30 0.30 1.91 1.91 Cu m
L = 0.30+6.00+0.30 =
6.60 m
13 R.C.C (1:2:4) Slab 1x1 6.60 4.60 0.12 3.643 3.643 Cu m
B = 0.30+4.00+0.30 =
4.60 m
1st class brick work for super

14 structure
Parapet wall 1x1 22.00 0.10 0.90 1.98 1.98 Cu m L = 2( 6.50 + 4.50) =
22.00 m
THANK YOU

QSV - Un It - I - Introduction

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QUANTITY SURVEYING

In the civil engineering field, the construction activity contains

the following three steps:

Requirements to Prepare an Estimate:

Drawings consists Plan, Cross – Sections of important points,

A. Preparing Detailed Estimate

B. Calculating the Rate of each unit of work

C. Preparing Abstract of Estimate

o The estimate has to be prepared carefully with maximum possible

o If the estimate is accurate, the construction work can be completed

o If the estimate is not accurate the construction is incomplete and it

The following are the general guidelines for Accuracy…

i. All the dimensions shall be measured to the nearest 0.01 m

There are different types of estimates and they are as follows:

ii. Preliminary (or) Approximate (or) Rough Estimate

vi. Revised Estimate and Supplementary Estimates due to reduction

• Detailed estimate is accompanied by (a) Report, (b) Specifications, (c) Detailed

ii. Preliminary or Approximate or Rough Estimate:

iv. Revised Estimate:

o It is required to be prepared for the following reasons:

 An estimate is then prepared to include all such works. This is known as a

vi. Revised Estimate and Supplementary estimate due to reduction of cost:

Tabular form for Abstract Estimate

(1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7)

• It is also gives details of sources of materials and other required information in

- Specifications are essential in construction due to the following:

-The specifications are classified into the following two types:

- While preparing an estimate, it is not possible to work out in detail in case of

- The following are some of L.S items in the estimate:

- Even if sub-estimates prepared or at the end of execution of work, the actual

- During execution of any civil engineering structure or project, considerable

- The principle of units of measurements normally consists the following:

[Based on IS – 1200 Revised]

Damp Proof Course (D.P.C)

Plastering, Pointing & Finishing

XII Steel wooden trusses 1 No. Per 1 No.

XIII Glass panels (Supply) Sq.m Per Sq.m

a) from foundation to Plinth level

b) from Plinth level to First floor level

c) from First floor to Second floor level and so on….

 The bottom level of trench is horizontally leveled.

 After construction items i.e., Concreting, R.R. Masonry in foundations and up to

 The refilling in foundations is neglected, or arrival from excavated quantity duly

 The measurements taken in volume by measuring Length X Width X Thickness (Depth).

3. Masonry.( Stone Masonry and Brick Masonry).

10. White Washing, Color Washing and Distempering.

o The item of painting is calculated is square meters.

1. Flush Door - 2 times

Water Supply and Sanitary Works.

Abstract or Estimated Cost

Item Description of Rate Remarks if

The items of work like earth work excavation in

Note: The length of short wall varies for each item.

Filling the basement with excavated L = Lc - Bt = 6.35–0.45=5.90 m

Total Cost of Building = ( a + b + c + d + e) = Rs. 54,00,000.00

Total : = Rs. 1,20,78,000/-

1st class Brick work with CM 1:6 for

Damp proof course 2.5 cm thick C.C.

Rates for different item of works:

Earth work excavation and depositing on

2 Lime concrete for foundation bedding 12.87 Cu m 220/- Cu m 2831.40

1st class Brick work with CM 1:6 for