PETROLEUM

AND
PETROLEUM PRODUCT
 INTRODUCTION
 Petroleum oil is fossil fuel,
also known as crude oil or
rudimentary oil.
 petroleum is a chain of
aromatic and aliphatic
hydrocarbon.
 it has specific colour , odour
and other flow properties
which reflect the diversity of
its origin.
 PETROLEUM PRODUCT
 Petroleum Product are as name suggest from
product obtaining from these crude oil.

 Petroleum product are any petroleum base

product by refining and comprise of various
product like,

LPG, Naphtha, Gasoline, Marine fuel, Ether ,

Aviation fluent, kerosene, Diesel fuel, Grease wax
etc.
 TYPE OF PETROLEUM FRACTION

1) Paraffin
2) Olefins
3) Naphthenes
4) Aromatic

 Light and heavy / sweet & sour petroleum

How Crude Oil and Natural Gas were
formed
CHEMICAL COMPOSITION
Type of molecules Present in Petroleum are :
FRACTIONAL DISTILATION
Primary method to which crude petroleum separates
into different compound on base is of Boiling Point.
 This major Product mixture after distillation are
then them separated by solvent Extraction or
Fraction

 Some Impurities are Present, which are removed

by several method:
1. Dehydration
2. Desalting
3. Hydro treating
4. Sulphur remover
Properties of Petroleum product

1) Octane No : It is a standard measured of the

performance of engine or motor or aviation fuel.
The higher the octane number the more
compression the fuel can withstand before
detonating
2) Octane Rating
 It is Define by comparison with mixture of
isoethane and isoheptane that has same
knocking capacity as fuel under test
 It is measure of a fuel ‘s ability to resist ‘knock’
 The percent by value of that isooctane in that
mixture is octane number of fuel.

 Cetane No : It is a measurement of combustion

quality of diesel fuel thus approximately
equivalent to octane of gasoline.
3) Flash Point : lowest temperature at which
petroleum can vaporize to form ignite mixture in
air is mixture that can catch fire
Inter conversion of less useful product into
desirable product :
Broad fraction obtained by fraction distillation still
contain mixture of substance. So, it convert into
useful substance by method They are :
a) Reforming
b) Cracking
c) Isomerization
d) polymerization
e) Hydro treating method
Sulphur Remover Method
 Forensic Examination
 Through scientific technology it is easy to know
weather petroleum is pure or adulterant

 Petroleum adulteration :

Means introduction of any

foreign substance into
motor gasoline or high
speed diesel illegally
Adulterants
•SBP
• Food grade Hexane
• Free kerosene
• Pyrolysis gasoline
• Naphtha
• Aromex
• Lomax
• Raffinate
•Pentane
Various malpractices
1. Adulteration
2. Pilferage
3. Stock Variation
4. Unauthorized exchange
5. Unauthorized purchase
6. Unauthorized sale
Indian standard for Petroleum :
 Petrol IS 2796 / 2000
 kerosene is 1459 /1974
 Diesel is 1460 /2000
 Sampling

 Sample stands be taken

in clean glass or
aluminum container

• The officer authorized shall take , sign a seal of 1 L

each of product.
Preliminary Examination
Instrumental Analysis
1. HPLC (High performance liquid chromatography)

• Mobile Phase : acetonitril & water

• Flow rate : 1 ml / min
• UV Detection : 275 nm – 285nm wavelength
• Equipment : HPLC Unit with RP-C-18 Column and UV
Detector
Working
2. GC (Gas Chromatography)
CHROMATOGRAM
Thank you