GEAR

NORSAAIDAH BINTI SAAID

DEFINE
■ A gear is a rotating machine elements having cut teeth which mesh with
another toothed part, usually having teeth of similar size and shape, in
order to transmit power.
■ Two or more gears working together are called a “transmission” (or gear set) and
can produce “mechanical advantage” and thus may be considered a simple
machine.
■ The mechanical advantage is a measure of the force or torque amplification that is
obtained using mechanical devices.
FACT ON GEAR
■When two gears mesh with one gear bigger than the other (the size
of the teeth must match thus the bigger gear has more teeth), a
mechanical advantage is obtained where the rotational speeds and the
torques of the two gears will be different.
■Since the input and output power must be equal (ignoring friction
losses), there is an inverse relationship between the speed and torque
ratios (the small gear will have higher speed and lower torque and the
larger gear will have lower speed and higher torque).
FACT ON GEAR
■A transmission (or gear set) can be used to change the speed, torque,
direction of rotation, direction of a power source, or the type of motion.
■The most common configuration for a gear is to mesh with another gear,
however, a gear can also mesh with a non-rotating toothed part, called a “rack”,
there by producing translation instead of rotation, as shown in the figure.
■Such arrangement is referred to as “rack and pinion” and it is commonly
used in the steering systems of automobiles.
TYPES OF GEAR

1. SPUR GEAR
2. HELICAL GEAR
3. BEVEL GEAR
4. WORM GEAR
SPUR GEAR
1. The simplest type of gears Gear
2. Used to transmit power between two
parallel shafts.
3. The teeth on these gears are straight and
parallel to the shafts to which they are
Pinion
attached.
4. When two gears of different sizes are in
mesh, the larger is called the gear while
the smaller is called the pinion.
5. Spur gears are used where slow to
moderate- speed drive are required.
HELICAL GEAR
 The teeth are inclined with respect to the
axis of rotation, as seen in the figure.
 To transmits rotation between parallel shafts,
 But it is less noisy than spur gears because
of the more gradual engagement of the teeth
during meshing and thus it is more suitable
for transmitting motion at higher speeds.
 helical gears can also be used to transmit
rotation between perpendicular shafts, as
seen in the figure.
BEVEL GEAR Bevel gear

 The teeth similar to those of a spur gear but

they are formed on conical surfaces instead
of cylinders.
 Bevel gears transmit rotation between
intersecting shafts.
 The gear shown in the figure has straight
teeth where this is the simplest type.
 Other types were the teeth form circular arcs
and it is called spiral bevel gears, as shown in
the figure.
 With spiral bevel gears, the teeth
engagement will be more gradual (similar to
helical gears) and thus it is less noisy and it is
suitable for higher speeds. Spiral bevel gear
WORM GEAR
 Transmit rotation between perpendicular shafts (not
intersecting, there is an offset between them).
 The worm resembles a screw which can be right
handed or left handed.
 Worm gear sets are usually used when high
reduction in speed is desired (speed ratios of 3 or
higher).
 Ittransmits rotation from the worm to the worm
gear, but not the opposite.
ELEMENT OF SPUR GEAR
Pitch Circle

■ Pitch circle (PD): The “centres distance” between two mating gears is the sum of the pitch
radiuses of the two gears. The smaller of two mating gears is called the “pinion” and the
larger is called the gear.
ELEMENT OF SPUR GEAR

Addendum

 Addendum and Dedendum circles: the circles defining the top and bottom faces of the teeth.
 Addendum (A): the radial distance from the pitch circle to the top surface of the teeth.
A=M where A – Addendeum, M- module
ELEMENT OF SPUR GEAR

Dedendum

 Dedendum (D): the radial distance from the pitch circle to the bottom surface of the teeth

D = M x 1.250
ELEMENT OF SPUR GEAR

Clearance
Circle

Clearance circle
 Clearance circle (or working depth circle): the circle tangent to the addendum circle of
the mating gear.
 The radial distance between the addendum circle and the clearance circle is called
the “working depth”.
 Clearance (C): the distance between the tooth top surface and the bottom surface of a
mating gear.
ELEMENT OF SPUR GEAR

Circular Pitch

 Circular pitch “CP”: the distance measured on the pitch circle from a point on one
tooth to the corresponding point on an adjacent tooth.

 The circular pitch is equal to the sum of "tooth thickness" and "width of space". The
width of space is slightly larger than the tooth thickness such that mating teeth can
engage easily without obstruction.
 ELEMENT OF SPUR GEAR
Module
 Module (M): is the ratio of pitch diameter to the number of teeth of a
gear.
Diametral pitch (DP): the ratio of the number of teeth of a gear to the
pitch diameter.
DP = N/PD

 The module determines the size of gear teeth. "Module" is the unit of CP=  M
size that indicates how big or small a gear is. It is the ratio of the where CP – pitch circle, M= Module
reference diameter of the gear divided by the number of teeth.

 In order for gears to be able to mesh (work together), they must have
the same module.
 The pitch diameter of a gear (i.e., its size) is determined based
on its module and the number of teeth: PD = MN
Formula for calculating metric gear
Calculate Given Formula
Addendum (A) Module and Pitch diameter A=M
Dedendum (B) Module and Pitch diameter D = 1.25M
Number of teeth (N) Module and Pitch diameter N = PD/M
Pitch diameter and circular pitch N =  PD/CP
Circular pitch (CP) Module CP=M
Pitch diameter and number of teeth CP = PD x 
N-2
Pitch diameter (PD) Module and number of teeth PD=MN
Outside diameter and number of teeth PD= N x OD
N+2
Module (M) Pitch diameter and number of teeth M = PD/N
Circular pitch M= CP/
Outside diameter and number of teeth M = OD
N+2
Tooth thickness (T) Module T =  M/2
Whole depth (W) Module W = 2.25M
Centre-to-centre distance (CD) Module and number of teeth CD = M (N + 2)
2
Diametral pitch (DP) Pitch diameter and number of teeth DP = N/PD
 GEAR TOOTH MEASUREMENT

i. Measurement with Gear tooth Vernier calliper

The gear tooth Vernier has two Vernier scales. The vertical Vernier scale is used to set the depth (d) along the
pitch circle from the top surface of the tooth at which (w) has be measured. While the horizontal Vernier scale
is used to measure the width (w) of the teeth.
 GEAR TOOTH MEASUREMENT

ii. Measurement with micrometer

This micrometer is ideal for the measurement of root tangent length of spur and
helical gears.
 GEAR TOOTH MEASUREMENT
iii. Measurement with Rollers
■For spur gear, putting Over balls or Rollers to
Spacewidth. External gear is measured by outside
dimension of Over ball or Rollers. Internal gear is
measured by inner dimension of Over balls or
Rollers. Use method of Over balls or Rollers for
Helical gear.
■Measurement for Internal gear, this method has
advantages over others

*Note for gear with small and odd number of teeth and large helix angle. We recommend using method of
Over balls or Rollers due to unstable pins causing inaccurate measurement
Method of Rollers