CHAPTER 9

VECTOR CALCULUS
 9.8 LINE INTEGRALS.

 OBJECTIVE:
In this section we will learn how
to integrate a function G(x,y) defined
over a curve C. That is,

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Definition: Curves in the xy-plane
Consider the curve C in the xy-plane.
A curve C is in the xy- plane is defined
as a set of points . C
C is called a parametric curve
in the xy-plane if the ordered
paired points are defined as functions :
where
Or sometimes

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Definition: Curves in the space
Consider the curve C in the xyz space. C is defined as a set of points .
C is called a parametric curve in the space if C consists of the ordered triples
are defined as functions :

where

Curves in 3-D

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Definition: Vector Valued Function
A vector valued function is a vector whose
components are functions of parameter t.

Vector Valued Function

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DEFINITION
A vector valued function in the xy-
plane or in can be defined as

In ,
So represents the position of the
point at any time t.

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𝐹𝑖𝑛𝑑 𝑡h𝑒 𝑣𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟 𝑓𝑢𝑛𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑜𝑓 𝑡h𝑒 𝑓𝑢𝑛𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑓 ( 𝑥 ) =𝑥2

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𝐹𝑖𝑛𝑑 𝑡h𝑒 𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑑𝑎𝑟𝑑 𝑓𝑢𝑛𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑜𝑓 𝑡h𝑒𝑣𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟 𝑓𝑢𝑛𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑟 ( 𝑡 ) =𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑡 𝑖+𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑡 𝑗 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑝h 𝑖𝑡

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 Objective

In calculus I we learned how to integrate a function f(x) over some interval,

namely ,

In this section we will learn how to integrate a function G(x,y) defined over a
curve C. That is

∫ 𝐺( 𝑥, 𝑦 ) 𝑑?
𝐶

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 Terminology: Types of curves
Suppose that c is a curve parameterized by

And the points , then

we say that:
1) C is a smooth curve if
are continuous on the closed
interval [a,b] and not
simultaneously zero on the
open interval (a,b) as in the graph

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 Terminology: Types of curves
2) C is piecewise smooth curve if
it consists of finite number of smooth curves
joined end to end.
that is

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 Terminology: Types of curves
3) C is a closed curve
but not simple if
and the curve crosses itself.

4) C is a simple closed curve if

and the curve doesn’t cross itself.

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 Line Integrals in the Plane, Case 1
Case 1: Parametric Curve C:
Suppose that is defined in some region that contains
the smooth curve C defined by

Then we have three

Different Integrals:

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 Line Integrals in the Plane
1) The line Integral of G over C from A to B with respect to x is:

where

2) The line Integral of G over C from A to B with respect to y is:

Where

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 Line Integrals in the Plane
3) The line Integral of G over C from A to B with respect to arc
length S is:

Recall that

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 Integrate
Example 1

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 Integrate
Example 1

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 Integrate
Example 2

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 Integrate
Example 2

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 Integrate
Example 3

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 Integrate
Example 3

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 Line Integrals in the Space
1) The line Integral of G over C from A to B with respect to x is:

where

2) The line Integral of G over C from A to B with respect to y is:

Where

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 Line Integrals in the Space
3) The line Integral of G over C from A to B with respect to z is:

where

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 Line Integrals in the space
4) The line Integral of G over C from A to B with respect to arc
length S is:

Recall that

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 Integrate

Example 4

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25
 1 3 2
𝑊h𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑥= 𝑡 , 𝑦=𝑡 , 𝑧 =2 𝑡 , 0 ≤ 𝑡 ≤ 1
3

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Solution to example 4

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Line Integrals in the Plane, Case 2
Case 2: Curve C defined by an Explicit Function:
Suppose that is defined in some region that contains
the smooth curve C defined by the explicit function

Then we have three

Different Integrals:

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Line Integrals in the Plane, Case 2
1) The line Integral of G over C from A to B with respect to x is:

where

2) The line Integral of G over C from A to B with respect to y is:

Where

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Line Integrals in the Plane, Case 2
3) The line Integral of G over C from A to B with respect to arc
length S is:

Recall that

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Example 5 Integrate

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Example 5 Integrate

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Line Integrals in the Plane over piecewise
smooth curves
If C is composed of smooth curves then

Notation: In many applications, line integrals appear as a sum

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Line Integrals in the Plane over Closed Curves

A line integral a long a closed curve is

denoted by

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Line Integrals using vector functions

Suppose that is a vector field defined

along
Suppose that is the position vector on points on
C. then

If the work done by a force F that causes a straight line distance d,

is , then

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Work

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 Find the work done by
Example 6

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38
 Find the work done by
Example 6

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 Find the work done by
Example 7
3 2
𝐹(𝑥 , 𝑦)=𝑦 𝑖−𝑥 𝑦𝑗

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 Find the work done by
Example 7
3 2
𝐹(𝑥 , 𝑦)=𝑦 𝑖−𝑥 𝑦𝑗

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Example 8 Integrate

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Example 8 Integrate

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 Integrate
Example 8

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 Integrate
Example 8

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 Integrate
Example 8

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Solution to example 8
 Note that the curve C is piecewise smooth

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Continue Solution to example 8

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Example 9 Integrate

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Example 9

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Example 9

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Solution to example 9
 Note that the curve C is piecewise smooth

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Solution to example 9

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Example 10 Integrate
∫ 𝑦𝑑𝑥+ 𝑧 𝑑𝑦 + 𝑥𝑑𝑧 ,
𝐶

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Example 10 Integrate
∫ 𝑦𝑑𝑥+ 𝑧 𝑑𝑦 + 𝑥𝑑𝑧 ,
𝐶

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Example 10 Integrate
∫ 𝑦𝑑𝑥+ 𝑧 𝑑𝑦 + 𝑥𝑑𝑧 ,
𝐶

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Example 11 Integrate
❑

∮ ( 𝑥
2
+ 𝑦
2
) 𝑑𝑥 −2𝑥𝑦𝑑𝑦 ,𝑜𝑛 𝑡h𝑒 𝑔𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑙𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑑 𝑐
𝑐

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Example 11 Integrate
❑

∮ ( 𝑥
2
+ 𝑦
2
) 𝑑𝑥 −2𝑥𝑦𝑑𝑦 ,𝑜𝑛 𝑡h𝑒 𝑔𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑙𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑑 𝑐
𝑐

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Example 11 Integrate
❑

∮ ( 𝑥
2
+ 𝑦
2
) 𝑑𝑥 −2𝑥𝑦𝑑𝑦 ,𝑜𝑛 𝑡h𝑒 𝑔𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑙𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑑 𝑐
𝑐

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