Topic 1

FUNDAMENTAL OF RENEWABLE
ENERGY DEG30013
INTRODUCTION TO RENEWABLE ENERGY (RE)
Ts. Dr. Segar Rajamanickam PJK

1.0 INTRODUCTION TO RENEWABLE ENERGY (RE)
1. Remember renewable energy sources
1. Define renewable energy
2. sources of renewable energy
3. Recognize renewable energy in a sustainable future
2. Remember global energy trends

1. Remember global energy reserves
2. Remember global energy consumption
3. Remember global energy production
4. Identify traditional and renewable energy in sustainable future
5. Outline the International policy framework:
a. United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC)
b. Kyoto Protocol
c. Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC)
1.0 INTRODUCTION TO RENEWABLE ENERGY (RE)
3. Understand Malaysia energy scenario
1. Identify Malaysia energy outlook
2. Outline the National Renewable Energy Policy and Action Plan
3. Outline the National Renewable Energy Act (RE)
4. Outline the Malaysian Feed-In Tariff/Net Energy Metering
JABATAN KEJUTERAAN ELEKTRIK, POLITEKNIK UNGKU OMAR

1.1 Remember Renewable Energy Sources
1.1 Renewable energy
Society’s current use of fossil and nuclear

fuels has many adverse consequences; such
as air pollution, acid rain, the depletion of
natural resources and the dangers of nuclear
radiation.
These threat of global climate change
caused by carbon dioxide emissions from
fossil fuel combustion is one of the main
reasons why there is a need to switch to low
or zero-carbon energy sources such as
renewables.
1. Define renewable energy
 RE can be defined as energy obtained from the

continuous or repetitive currents of energy recurring in
natural environment (Twidell and Weir, 1986).
 RE also can be defined as energy flows which are

replenished at the same rate as they use (Sorensen,
2000)
1.1.2 Sources of renewable energy
1. Hydroelectricity
2. Wind
3. Biomass & Bioenergy
4. Geothermal
5. Solar thermal electrict
6. Solar Photovoltaic
7. Solar Heating & Cooling
8. Ocean energy
9.Biofuels
10.Hydrogen & fuelcell
11.Thermal electric
2. Sources of renewable energy
• Solar energy – Solar radiation can be converted into

useful energy; whether 1) directly gathering the solar
thermal or heat energy or 2) converting the sun rays into
electricity by using photovoltaic cell.
• Wind energy – Generated by harnessing the power of

wind to turn turbines and wind mills to generate
electricity
• Hydroelectric – Harvested by turning the potential energy

in the pressurized, dammed water to kinetic energy
(electricity)
1.2 Remember Global Energy Trends
• Fuel Cell – Hydrogen and oxygen been blend in

electrochemical reaction to create electricity
• Bioenergy – Gaseous and liquid fuels derived from

biological sources such as plants and animal manure to
create electricity.
• Tidal Energy – The power of tides can be harnessed by

building a low dam or ‘barrage’ in which the rising waters
are captured and then allowed to flow back through
electricity – generating turbines.
• Wave energy – Ocean waves caused the buoys to rise and

fall and this mechanical energy then been used to
generate electricity
• Geothermal Energy – The heat from within the earth is

used to produce steam for electricity generation
• Nuclear energy – Use nuclear reaction to create heat

which then been in steam turbines to generate electricity
Source: https://www.ipcc.ch/site/assets/uploads/2018/02/ipcc_wg3_ar5_chapter7.pdf
1.1.3 Recognize renewable energy in a sustainable future
RE sources already providing significant

proportion of the world’s primary energy : 25%
1.1.3 Recognize renewable energy in a sustainable future

• 1.1.3 Recognize renewable energy in a sustainable future
• In the future, the backbone of the electricity will still be a market-based grid.
But, some of those large power stations will be offshore wave and tidal plants
and wind farms.
• There will be much more local generation, in part from medium to small
local/community power plant, fuelled by locally grown biomass, from locally
generated waste or from locally wind sources. These will feed local distributed
networks, which can sell excess capacity into the grid
• There will be much more micro-generation for example from CHP (Combine
Heat & Power) plant, fuel cell in the building, and photovoltaics. This will also
generate excess capacity which will also sold back into local distributed
network.
3. Recognize renewable energy in a sustainable future

• New homes will be designed to need very little energy and perhaps will achieve
zero carbon emissions. The existing building stock will increasingly adopt energy
efficiency measures. Many buildings will have the capacity at least to reduce
their demand on the grid; for example by using solar heating systems to provide
some of the water heating needs.
1.2.1 Remember global energy reserves
"Reserves" represent that portion of

demonstrated resources that can be
recovered economically with the
application of extraction technology
available currently or in the foreseeable
future. Reserves include only recoverable
energy.
1.2.1 Remember global energy reserves

• 1.2.1 Remember global energy reserves

1.2.2 Remember global energy consumption

Global electrical energy generation in 2018 (IEA)

2. Remember global energy consumption
 Over 40% of the primary energy traded worldwide,

such as crude oil, natural gas, coal, nuclear and hydro-
electricity is consumed by the OECD (Organisation for
Economic Co-operation and Development) countries.
 Collectively, these countries account for just under 20%

of the global population. Some of the largest
developing economies, i.e. Brazil, Russia, India and
China (the BRICs), account for just over one third of
global energy consumption. This leaves the rest of the
world – home to 40% of the global population

1.2.4 Identify traditional and renewable energy in sustainable future
 According to a recent report from the

International Energy Agency, for the first time,
natural gas overtook coal to become the leading
source of electricity in the OECD in 2018,
accounting for 27.4% of the mix compared to
25.4% for coal. Meanwhile, the combined
contribution of all renewable sources was also
responsible for 27.4% of electricity generation, led
by hydro (13.8%), then wind (7.0%) and solar
(3.0%).
• 1.2.4 Identify traditional and renewable energy in sustainable future
• According to the Renewables Global Status Report (GSR) from REN21, roughly a
fifth of the world’s electrical power production now comes from renewable
sources. To be more precise, in 2013 renewable energy accounted for 22% of
the global energy mix, up from 21% in 2012 and 18% in 2007.
• In 2018, renewable energy generation is 24.6%

• A report by Frankfurt School UNEP Centre and Bloomberg New Energy Finance
says carbon-free renewable power plants in 2014 surpassed 100,000 megawatts
of capacity for the first time. A year before, in 2013, it seems like interest in
renewable energy surpassed conventional energy sources for the first time as
143 gigawatts of renewable electricity capacity were added, compared with 141
gigawatts in new plants that burn fossil fuels.
• Some areas and countries are transitioning faster than others,

depending on their available resources and political climate. Costa Rica
functioned on 99% renewable power for 2015, Germany is 35%
powered by renewables, while Denmark on a good day produces 140%
of its energy needs from wind.
• By 2030, doubling the renewable energy capacity installed today is
really feasible. Helped by market incentives which have made solar
energy very cheap, many will choose to transition simply because it
makes economic sense and creating a new economy which serves
millions of jobs.
• Fossil fuels are subsidized $14.5 billion a day. Imagine if all that money went to
subsidizing solar, which is cheaper than fossil fuels even un-subsidized in many
places already. If fossil fuels lost their subsidies, renewable energy progress
would be fantastic
1.2.4 Outline the International policy framework:

a. United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC)
In general terms, The UN Framework Convention

provides an overall frame work for
intergovernmental efforts to address climate
change. More specifically, it establishes an
objective & principles, commitments for different
groups of countries, & a set of institutions all of
which work to enable continued talks as well as
future action to address global climate change.

b. Kyoto Protocol
 In early 2005, more that 165 countries across

the world, marked one of the first and the
largest international treaties in response to
increasing global warming.
 Only one major industrialised nation, the

United States, has not ratified Kyoto.
 This treaties were signed in Kyoto, Japan
 Hence the mission was names as ‘KYOTO

PROTOCOL’

 The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate

Change (IPCC) is the United Nations body for
assessing the science related to climate
change. It currently has 195 members
 IPCC assessments provide a scientific basic for

governments at all levels to develop climate
related policies, and they underlie negotiations
at the UN Climate Conference- the United
Nation Framework Convention on Climate
Change (UNFCC)

 Couse Climate Change
In recent decades, changes in climate have caused

impacts on natural and human systems on all
continents and across the ocean. Impacts are due
to observed climate change, irrespective of its
cause, indicating the sensitivity of natural and
human systems to changing climate
1.3 Understand Malaysia energy scenario
1.3.1 Identify Malaysia energy outlook

1.3.2 Outline the National Renewable Energy Policy and Action Plan
 Policy Statement
Enhancing the utilisation of indigenous renewable energy

resources to contribute towards national electricity supply
security and sustainable socio-economic development
 Objectives
 To increase RE contribution in the national power

generation mix;
 To facilitate the growth of the RE industry;
 To ensure reasonable RE generation costs;
 To conserve the environment for future
generation; and
 To enhance awareness on the role and
importance of RE.
 Strategic Thrusts of the National RE Policy & Action Plan


 Feed-In Tariff (FiT)

 Feed-In Tariff (FiT)
 Net Energy Metering (NEM)

The Ministry has introduced few solar PV initiatives to encourage
Malaysia’s Renewable Energy (RE) uptake. From the RE town hall
held on 12th July 2018.
One of the key issues highlighted by the PV industry is the need to

change the concept of NEM from the existing net billing to true net
energy metering. This is will help improve the return of investment
of solar PV under the NEM.
Effective on 1st January 2019, the Net Energy Metering (NEM) will
be improved by adopting the true net energy metering concept and
this will allow excess solar PV generated energy to be exported back
to the grid on a “one-on-one” offset basis.
This means that every 1kWh exported to the grid will be offset
against 1kWh consumed from the grid, instead of at the Displaced
Cost previously.
 Net Energy Metering (NEM)
The concept of NEM is that the energy produced from the

installed solar PV system will be consumed first, and any
excess will be exported to TNB on a “one-on-one” offset
basis.
INTRODUCTION TO RENEWABLE ENERGY (RE)
Thank You…..

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FUNDAMENTAL OF RENEWABLE

INTRODUCTION TO RENEWABLE ENERGY (RE)

Ts. Dr. Segar Rajamanickam PJK

2. Remember global energy trends

JABATAN KEJUTERAAN ELEKTRIK, POLITEKNIK UNGKU OMAR

1.1 Renewable energy

Society’s current use of fossil and nuclear

1. Define renewable energy

 RE can be defined as energy obtained from the

 RE also can be defined as energy flows which are

1.1.2 Sources of renewable energy

2. Sources of renewable energy

• Solar energy – Solar radiation can be converted into

• Wind energy – Generated by harnessing the power of

• Hydroelectric – Harvested by turning the potential energy

2. Sources of renewable energy

• Fuel Cell – Hydrogen and oxygen been blend in

• Bioenergy – Gaseous and liquid fuels derived from

• Tidal Energy – The power of tides can be harnessed by

2. Sources of renewable energy

• Wave energy – Ocean waves caused the buoys to rise and

• Geothermal Energy – The heat from within the earth is

• Nuclear energy – Use nuclear reaction to create heat

1.1.3 Recognize renewable energy in a sustainable future

RE sources already providing significant

1.1.3 Recognize renewable energy in a sustainable future

• 1.1.3 Recognize renewable energy in a sustainable future

3. Recognize renewable energy in a sustainable future

1.2.1 Remember global energy reserves

"Reserves" represent that portion of

1.2.1 Remember global energy reserves

• 1.2.1 Remember global energy reserves

1.2.2 Remember global energy consumption

1.2.2 Remember global energy consumption

Global electrical energy generation in 2018 (IEA)

2. Remember global energy consumption

 Over 40% of the primary energy traded worldwide,

 Collectively, these countries account for just under 20%

1.2.2 Remember global energy consumption

1.2.4 Identify traditional and renewable energy in sustainable future

 According to a recent report from the

• 1.2.4 Identify traditional and renewable energy in sustainable future

• In 2018, renewable energy generation is 24.6%

• 1.2.4 Identify traditional and renewable energy in sustainable future

• 1.2.4 Identify traditional and renewable energy in sustainable future

• Some areas and countries are transitioning faster than others,

• 1.2.4 Identify traditional and renewable energy in sustainable future

1.2.4 Outline the International policy framework:

In general terms, The UN Framework Convention

1.2.4 Outline the International policy framework:

 In early 2005, more that 165 countries across

 Only one major industrialised nation, the

 This treaties were signed in Kyoto, Japan

 Hence the mission was names as ‘KYOTO

1.2.4 Outline the International policy framework:

 The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate

 IPCC assessments provide a scientific basic for

1.2.4 Outline the International policy framework:

 Couse Climate Change

In recent decades, changes in climate have caused

1.3.1 Identify Malaysia energy outlook

3. Outline the National Renewable Energy Act (RE)

Enhancing the utilisation of indigenous renewable energy