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Chapter 5
Biological
Membranes
• Biological membranes
• Complex, dynamic structures made of
lipid and protein molecules
• Perform many functions
– Define cell as a compartment
– Regulate passage of materials
– Participate in chemical reactions
– Transmit signals between cell interior and
the environment
– Act as part of energy transfer and storage
• Biological membranes
• Physically separate cell interior from
extracellular environment
• Form compartments within eukaryotic
cells
• Plasma membrane
– Regulates passage of materials
– Participates in biochemical reactions
– Receives information about environment
– Communicates with other cells
• Membrane properties
• Orderly arrangement of phospholipid
molecules make the cell membrane a
liquid crystal
– Allow molecules to move rapidly
– Proteins move within membrane
• Lipid bilayers are
– Flexible
– Self-sealing
– Can fuse with other membranes
Osmosis: water
passes through
selectively
permeable
membrane
from region of
higher
concentration
to lower
• Osmotic pressure
• Concentration of dissolved substances in
a solution
• Isotonic: equal solute concentration
• Hypertonic: loses water in plasmolysis
• Hypotonic: gains water and swells
• Turgor pressure
• Internal hydrostatic pressure in walled
cells
Response
of animal
cells to
osmotic
pressure
Turgor
pressure
and
plasmolysis
• Facilitated diffusion
• Occurs down a concentration gradient
• Active transport
• Moves ions or molecules against a
concentration gradient
• Cotransport
• ATP-powered pump maintains a
concentration gradient
Sodium-potassium
pump
Exocytosis
Phagocytosis
Pinocytosis
Receptor-mediated endocytosis
Copyright © 2005 Brooks/Cole — Thomson Learning
Biology, Seventh Edition CHAPTER 5 Biological Membranes
Signal
transduction
Desmosomes
Tight
junctions
Gap junctions
Plasmodesmata