HAZARDS

GROUP 06, STEM 12-H

WHAT IS AN EARTHQUAKE?

 An earthquake is a sudden shaking movement of the surface

of the earth. It is known as a quake, tremblor or tremor.  
 A violent and abrupt shaking of the ground, caused by
movement between tectonic plates along a fault line in the
earth’s crust.
Misconception

“Earthquakes are Evil!”

Earthquakes really pose little direct danger to a person. People

can't be shaken to death by an earthquake. Some movies show
scenes with the ground suddenly opening up and people falling into
fiery pits, but this just doesn't happen in real life.

 
 EARTHQUAKES ARE NOT EVIL!

Now, with all these types of major damage, people often

ascribe malevolence to earthquakes. Please keep in mind: not
a single person has ever been killed directly by an earthquake.
It is the fact that we humans persist in building things which
are prone to failure in earthquakes, and then living in and
around these buildings, that results in deaths during
earthquakes. Earthquakes are mindless natural phenomena;
we aren't.
WHAT IS GROUND SHAKING?

 Ground shaking is the most familiar effect

of earthquakes. It is a result of the passage
of seismic waves through the ground, and
ranges from quite gentle in small
earthquakes to incredibly violent in large
earthquakes.
 
THREE MAIN TYPES OF SEISMIC WAVES
 
• P (Primary) Waves

• S (Secondary) Waves

• Surface Waves
 EFFECTS OF GROUND SHAKING

 Ground shaking is a hazard created by earthquakes. Most

earthquake damage results from the shaking caused by
seismic waves passing beneath buildings, roads, and other
structures.
 
EARTH SOURCE CHARACTERISTICS CONTROL INTENSITY OF VIBRATION

 The strong of an earthquake ground shaking is depend to a large

degree on the nature of the earthquake source. Thus, The intensity
and nature of ground shaking largely depend on the size of fault
rupture, on the magnitude of the earthquake, and on the distance
from the earthquake epicenter.
 WHAT IS GROUND RUPTURE?

 Ground rupture is another important effect of earthquakes which occurs when the
earthquake movement along a fault actually breaks the Earth's surface. Rupture causes
problems for humans by, well, rupturing things; pipelines, tunnels, aqueducts, railway
lines, roads, and airport runways which cross an area of active rupture can easily be
destroyed or severely damaged.
Three main types of Fault:

 Normal Fault
 Thrust Fault

 Strike-slip Fault
HOW GROUND RUPTURE FORM?

The ground rupture form because of an

earthquake that push and pull the ground,
tearing the surface and pushing the ground
apart and upward.
 
 Factors Affecting the Characteristics of Ground Ruptures

Normal faults - result from tensional forces when rocks are displaced away from each other.
Reverse faults results of compressional forces when rocks are displaced towards each other.

Strike-slip or transform faults - results from either compressional or extensional forces when
rocks slip parallel to each other.
 “It takes an earthquake to
remind us that we walk on
the crust of an unfinished
planet”

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Created By : Group 6 of STEM 12-H